| 词条 | A. James Gregor |
| 释义 |
}}{{Infobox scientist |name = A. James Gregor |image = Ajamesgregor.jpg |image_size = 166px |alt = |caption = A. James Gregor lecturing at UC Berkeley in 2004 |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1929|4|2}} |birth_place = New York City, New York, U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |residence = Berkeley, California, U.S. |citizenship = United States |nationality = American |fields = Fascism Marxism Political Science Race relations and Eugenics Epistemology |workplaces = University of California, Berkeley Marine Corps University University of Texas University of Hawaii |alma_mater = Columbia University, B.A., Ph.D |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |awards = Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Guggenheim Fellowship (1973) |signature = |signature_alt = |footnotes = }} Anthony James Gregor (born April 2, 1929) is a Professor of Political Science Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley who is well known for his research on fascism, Marxism, and national security. Early lifeHe was born Anthony Gimigliano in New York City. His father, Antonio, was a machine operator, factory worker and a nonpolitical anarchist. Gregor served as a volunteer in the U.S. Army. He attended and graduated in 1952 from Columbia University and thereafter served as a high school social science teacher while working for his advanced degrees. Prior to founding the IAAEE, he published several articles on race science and syndicalism for Sir Oswald Mosley’s The European and Corrado Gini’s Genus[1]. Gregor's first article in the latter was a defense of Gini's theories, and the two subsequently became friends and collaborators until Gini's death in 1965. Eugenics and philosophyIn 1959, Gregor joined with Robert E. Kuttner to found the International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics, or IAAEE. During this period he undertook anthropological field studies of aboriginal people in Central Australia, and similar studies in South Africa[2] and in the southern United States. In 1960, he obtained employment as a philosophy instructor at Washington College, and in 1961 he received his doctorate at Columbia as an Irwin Edman Scholar and with Distinction in History after his dissertation on Giovanni Gentile. Gregor became assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Hawaii from 1961 to 1964. He became an associate professor of philosophy at the universities of Kentucky and Texas between 1964 and 1967. Gregor joined the Political Science Department at the University of California at Berkeley in 1967 where he remained until his retirement. Study of fascismGregor was part of a movement of scholars in the 1960s who rejected the traditional interpretation of fascism as an ideologically empty, reactionary, antimodern dead end. He has claimed Italian Fascism owed a major debt to European ideological currents in sociology and political theory. Gregor described fascism as a coherent and serious theory of state and society, and argued that it played a revolutionary and modernizing role in European history. His theory of generic fascism portrayed it as a form of "developmental dictatorship."{{cn|date=November 2018}} Since the 1970s, Gregor spent most of his academic research on the study of fascism and it is for this that he is best known. In 1969, he published The Ideology of Fascism: The Rationale of Totalitarianism; in 1974, he wrote The Fascist Persuasion in Radical Politics. Since then he has published other works on the subject, such as Mussolini's Intellectuals, The Search for Neofascism, and Marxism, Fascism, and Totalitarianism. Gregor has argued that scholars do not agree on the definition of fascism, stating in 1997 that "Almost every specialist has his own interpretation."[3] He has argued that Marxist movements of the 20th century discarded Marx and Engels and instead adopted theoretical categories and political methods much like those of Mussolini.[4] In The Faces of Janus (2000) Gregor asserts that the original "Fascists were almost all Marxists—serious theorists who had long been identified with Italy's intelligentsia of the Left."[5] In Young Mussolini (1979), Gregor describes Fascism as "a variant of classical Marxism."[6]{{primary inline|date=November 2018}} According to Gregor, many revolutionary movements have assumed features of paradigmatic Fascism, but none are its duplicate. He has said that post-Maoist China displays many of its traits. He has denied that paradigmatic Fascism can be responsibly identified as a form of right-wing extremism.[7] International relationsGregor has said that he is committed to the American form of democratic liberalism, as he says that is the most effective system of government and the most likely to endure. In the 1960s, Gregor held numerous workshops and lectures to convince policymakers and academics of the supporting the US role in the Vietnam War. During the 1970s and 1980s Gregor served as an uncompensated adviser to Filipino dictator Ferdinand Marcos.{{cn|date=July 2018}} His 1986 book, The China Connection: U.S. Policy and the People's Republic of China and his 1987 follow-up, Arming the Dragon: U.S. Security Ties with the People's Republic of China, discussed Sino-American relations. In 1989 he wrote In the Shadow of Giants: The Major Powers and the Security of Southeast Asia. Gregor was named to the Oppenheimer Chair of Warfighting Strategy 1996–1997 at the Marine Corps University in Quantico. Gregor has translated some of the works of Italian Fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile into English, together with a commentary on Gentile's political thought.{{cn|date=July 2018}} Until his retirement in 2009, he taught a series of political science courses on revolutionary change, Marxism, and Fascism at UC Berkeley. In 2014, Gregor published Marxism and the Making of China. In 2016, his work, "Reflections on Italian Fascism" was published in an English and Italian edition. His present{{when|date=July 2018}} project is an analytic study of the transformative revolution that shaped the twentieth century. In 2014, Princeton University Press incorporated his volumes, Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship, and The Fascist Persuasion in Radical Politics, among the books in their "Princeton Legacy Library." Academic evaluationsGregor was made a national Guggenheim Fellow; a Senior Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Social Studies at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem; H. L Oppenheimer Professor at the Marine Corps University, Quantico, Virginia; and a Knight of the Order of Merit by the Italian Government.{{cn|date=November 2018}} Gregor wrote an influential early comprehensive survey of existing theoretical models of fascism.[8] According to Andreas Umland in The American Historical Review, "A. James Gregor has, for half a century, been one of the major makers and shapers of the discipline of comparative fascism."[9] Andrew Muldoon in Canadian Journal of History says, "Over a long and distinguished career A. James Gregor has advanced some controversial interpretations of political ideologies. In particular, he holds that the Italian Fascist regime is best understood as a "developmental dictatorship," distinct from Nazism in key ways; a thesis that has proven surprisingly influential since 1945."[10] Books
Notes1. ^{{cite web |title=Bibliographies: A. James Gregor |url=http://ferris-pages.org/ISAR/bibliography/gregrbib.htm |website=Institute for the Study of Academic Racism |publisher=Ferris State University |accessdate=5 September 2018}} 2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Gregor |first1=A. James |title=The Law, Social Science, and School Segregation: An Assessment |journal=Case Western Reserve Law Review |date=1963 |volume=14 |issue=4 |page=621 |url=http://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol14/iss4/3 |accessdate=22 July 2018}} 3. ^A. James Gregor, Interpretations of Fascism (1997) p 19. 4. ^Gregor, The Fascist Persuasion in Radical Politics (1974). 5. ^Gregor, The Faces of Janus: Marxism and Fascism in the Twentieth Century (2000), p. 20. 6. ^Gregor, Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism (1979), p. xi. 7. ^Gregor, The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science (2006). 8. ^Roger Griffin, "Old Hat, New Bird," Review of Politics (2000), 62: 844–847 {{doi|10.1017/S0034670500042868}} 9. ^ See review by Andreas Umland in The American Historical Review (2013) 118#3 p 1484, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.5.1484 10. ^See review by Sean Kennedy in Canadian Journal of History (2013) 48#3 p 575. External links{{Wikiquote}}
9 : 1929 births|20th-century American historians|21st-century American historians|American political scientists|Historians of fascism|Living people|University of California, Berkeley faculty|Guggenheim Fellows|American eugenicists |
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