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词条 Harmala alkaloid
释义

  1. Telepathine

  2. Uses

      Anticancer  

  3. Legal status

     Australia 

  4. Chemical forms

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

Several alkaloids that function as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are found in the seeds of Peganum harmala (also known as Harmal or Syrian Rue), as well as tobacco leaves[1][2] including harmine, harmaline, and harmalol, which are members of a group of substances with a similar chemical structure collectively known as harmala alkaloids. These alkaloids are of interest for their use in Amazonian shamanism, where they are derived from other plants. The harmala alkaloid harmine, once known as telepathine and banisterine, is a naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloid that is structurally related to harmaline, and also found in the vine Banisteriopsis caapi. Tetrahydroharmine is also found in B. caapi and P. harmala. Dr. Alexander Shulgin has suggested that harmine may be a breakdown product of harmaline.[3] Harmine and harmaline are reversible MAOIs of the MAO-A isoform of the enzyme, and can stimulate the central nervous system by inhibiting the metabolism of monoamine compounds such as serotonin and norepinephrine.

The harmala alkaloids occur in Peganum harmala in concentrations of roughly 3%, though tests have documented anywhere from 2-7% or even higher,[4] as natural sources tend to vary widely in chemical makeup. Harmala alkaloids are also found in the Banisteriopsis caapi vine, the key plant ingredient in the sacramental beverage Ayahuasca, in concentrations that range between 0.31-8.43% for harmine, 0.03-0.83% for harmaline and 0.05-2.94% for tetrahydroharmine.[5]

Although other psychoactive plants are occasionally added to Ayahuasca to achieve visionary states of consciousness, the recipes vary greatly and no single combination is common. Peganum harmala, normally consumed as a tea or used as an incense, is mentioned in classical Persian literature both as a sacred sacrament and as a medicine. The harmala alkaloids are not especially psychedelic, even at higher dosages, when hypnagogic visions, alongside vomiting and diarrhea, become the main effect.

Harmala alkaloids are also found in many other plants, such as passion flower. The leaves of P. incarnata have been reported variously to give 0.005%, 0.12 mg%, and nil, of harman alkaloids.[6]

Telepathine

Telepathine was originally thought to be the active chemical constituent of Banisteriopsis caapi, a key plant ingredient in the preparation of ayahuasca; a sacramental beverage from the Amazon{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}. This isolated chemical was so named because of the reported effects of Ayahuasca among the indigenous users, including: collective contact with and/or visions of jaguars, snakes, and jeweled birds, and ancestral spirits; the ability to see future events; and as the name suggests, telepathic communication among tribal members{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}. It was assumed to be a newly discovered chemical at the time, however, it was soon realized that Telepathine was already more widely known as "harmine" from its previous discovery in Peganum harmala (Syrian Rue){{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}.

Uses

As mentioned above, some harmala alkaloids can be used as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) to facilitate the ingestion of DMT and other tryptamines; while not generally used as a hallucinogen alone, there are reports of such use.[7] In high doses, it acts as purgative. Harmala alkaloids from Banisteriopsis caapi have been used to treat Parkinson's disease{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}.

As a benzodiazepine site inverse agonist, harmala alkaloids are used as a model for Essential Tremor (ET) when injected to animals. Rats being treated with harmaline exhibit severe tremors after 5–7 minutes. Individuals diagnosed with essential tremor have been found to have elevated blood levels of harmala alkaloids.[8]

Unlike many synthetic pharmaceutical MAOIs such as phenelzine, harmine is reversible and selective meaning it does not have nearly as high a risk for the "cheese syndrome" caused by consuming tyramine-containing foods, which is a risk associated with monoamine oxidase A inhibitors, but not monoamine oxidase B inhibitors.[9] Both MAO-A and MAO-B break down tyramine, but large doses of harmala alkaloids begin to affect MAO-B as well.

Anticancer

Isolated harmine was found to exhibit a cytotoxic effect on HL60 and K562 leukemic cell lines. This action might explain the previously observed cytotoxic effect of P. harmala on these cancer cells."[10]

Legal status

Australia

Harmala alkaloids are considered Schedule 9 prohibited substances under the Poisons Standard (October 2015).[11] A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.[11]

Exceptions are made when in herbs, or preparations, for therapeutic use such as : (a) containing 0.1 per cent or less of harmala alkaloids; or (b) in divided preparations containing 2 mg or less of harmala alkaloids per recommended daily dose.[11]

Chemical forms

  • Harmine: C13H12N2O

7-Methoxy-1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole

Harmine is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA).[12]

  • Harmaline: C13H14N2O

4,9-Dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole

Harmaline is a RIMA.[13]

  • Harmalol: C12H12N2O

1-Methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-ol

  • Tetrahydroharmine: C13H16N2O

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-harmine

  • Harmalane: C12H10N2

1-Methyl-3,4-dihydro-beta-carboline. Harmalan occurs in foodstuffs.[14]

  • Isoharmine: C13H12N2O[15]

  • Harmine acid methyl ester:

Methyl 7-methoxy-beta-carboline-1-carboxylate

  • Harmilinic acid:

7-Methoxy-3,4-dihydro-beta-carboline-1-carboxylic acid

  • Harmanamide:

1-Carbamoyl-7-methoxy-beta-carboline

  • Acetylnorharmine:

1-Acetyl-7-methoxy-beta-carboline

See also

  • Harmane
  • Beta-carboline (norharmane)
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
  • Reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA)

References

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Kivell|first1=Bronwyn M|last2=Danielson|first2=Kirsty | name-list-format = vanc |title=Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier }}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Harmala Alkaloid|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/harmala-alkaloid|website=Science Direct|publisher=Elsevier B.V.|access-date=26 November 2017}}
3. ^{{cite book | first1 = Alexander | last1 = Shulgin | first2 = Ann | last2 = Shulgin | name-list-format = vanc | chapter = #13. HARMALINE | title = Tryptamines i Have Known And Loved: The Chemistry Continues | chapter-url = http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal13.shtml | work = Erowid }}
4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Herraiz T, González D, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Arán VJ, Guillén H | title = beta-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) | journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | pages = 839–45 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20036304 | doi = 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.019 | hdl = 10261/77694 }}
5. ^Callaway JC, Brito GS & Neves ES (2005). Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37(2): 145-150.
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Sharma A | title = Passiflora: a review update | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 94 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–23 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15261959 | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.023 }}
7. ^Shulgin, Alexander. "#13 Harmaline", Erowid Online Texts: TiHKAL #13 HARMALINE, retrieved November 26, 2006.
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Louis ED, Zheng W, Jurewicz EC, Watner D, Chen J, Factor-Litvak P, Parides M | title = Elevation of blood beta-carboline alkaloids in essential tremor | journal = Neurology | volume = 59 | issue = 12 | pages = 1940–4 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12499487 | pmc = 4992345 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000038385.60538.19 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = McKenna DJ, Callaway JC, Grob CS |title = The scientific investigation of Ayahuasca: a review of past and current research. | journal = The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research | date = 1998 | volume = 1 | issue = 65–77 | pages = 195–223 | url = http://psychoactiveherbs.com/catalog/article_info.php?articles_id=9 }}
10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Jahaniani F, Ebrahimi SA, Rahbar-Roshandel N, Mahmoudian M | title = Xanthomicrol is the main cytotoxic component of Dracocephalum kotschyii and a potential anti-cancer agent | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 66 | issue = 13 | pages = 1581–92 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15949825 | doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.04.035 }}
11. ^Poisons Standard October 2015 https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534
12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Herraiz T, Guillén H | title = Monoamine Oxidase-A Inhibition and Associated Antioxidant Activity in Plant Extracts with Potential Antidepressant Actions | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2018 | pages = 1–10 | date = 2018 | pmid = 29568754 | pmc = 5820675 | doi = 10.1155/2018/4810394 }}
13. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=2c2K-epbCDQC&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=harmaline+antidepressant&source=web&ots=IrcpVr4R_H&sig=5FvlysKKEN7Hb4_YjfgoZM8rsTg Edward J. Massaro, Handbook of Neurotoxicology]
14. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Herraiz T | title = Relative exposure to beta-carbolines norharman and harman from foods and tobacco smoke | journal = Food Additives and Contaminants | volume = 21 | issue = 11 | pages = 1041–50 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15764332 | doi = 10.1080/02652030400019844 }}
15. ^{{cite journal|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003194229185312N | doi=10.1016/0031-9422(91)85312-N | volume=30 | issue=3 | title=Isoharmine, a β-carboline alkaloid from Peganum harmala seeds | year=1991 | journal=Phytochemistry | pages=1046–1047 | author=Ayoub Mikdad T., Rashan L.J.}}

External links

  • Tetrahydroharmine entry in TiHKAL • info
  • Harmala Alkaloid - an Overview
{{Antidepressants}}{{Monoamine metabolism modulators}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Harmala alkaloid}}

4 : Alkaloids|Ayahuasca|Monoamine oxidase inhibitors|Nitrariaceae

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