| 词条 | Harmondsworth | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|country = England |region= London |official_name= Harmondsworth |coordinates = {{coord|51.4865|-0.4796|display=inline,title}} |constituency_westminster= Hayes and Harlington |post_town= WEST DRAYTON |postcode_area= UB |postcode_district= UB7 |london_borough= Hillingdon |dial_code= 020 |os_grid_reference= TQ055775 |charingX_distance_mi= 15 |charingX_direction= E by NE |static_image_name= Harmondsworth - geograph.org.uk - 88617.jpg |static_image_caption= Harmondsworth Village |population=1478 |population_ref= – 2011 census[1] }} Harmondsworth is a village in the London Borough of Hillingdon with a short border to the south onto London Heathrow Airport. The village has no railway stations; however, it adjoins the M4 motorway and the Bath Road (the A4). Harmondsworth is an ancient parish which once included the large hamlets of Heathrow, Longford and Sipson. Longford and Sipson have modern signposts and facilities as separate villages, remaining to a degree interdependent such as for schooling. Its Great Barn and its church are well-repaired medieval buildings in the village. The largest proportion of land in commercial use is related to air transport and hospitality. The village includes public parkland with footpaths and butts onto the River Colne and further land in its regional park to the west, within Colnbrook. The west of the village has two major airline headquarters (international and local) and two immigration detention centres, including one for a maximum of 620 men without either adequate proof of right of entry to or to remain in the United Kingdom. Many international visitors stay within the bounds of Harmondsworth each year, in hotels branded as "Heathrow", as the hamlet of Heathrow and the farm of Perry Oaks in the parish were absorbed by the airport, and the name is applied to all hotels accessed from Bath Road in the borough. In October 2016 it was announced by HM Government that Heathrow Airport would receive permission to apply for a third runway. According to current expansion plans, around half of the existing village of Harmondsworth will have to be demolished to make way for the north-west runway and surrounding grass safety area. The other half, including the parish church and Great Barn, will be only a few metres from the airport perimeter. HistoryHarmondsworth is mentioned in Domesday Book, its name coming from the Anglo-Saxon Heremōdes worþ, meaning "Heremōd's enclosure", or Heremundes worþ, meaning "Heremund's enclosure". Harmondsworth remains an ecclesiastical parish, with the name first recorded in AD 780 when King Offa granted land to his servant Aeldred.[1] Before 1066 the manor was owned by Harold Godwinson (Earl Harold), and at the Conquest (1066) it passed to William I. In 1069 it was granted by the king, on the suggestion of William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford (circa 1020-1071),[2] to the Benedictine Abbey of Holy Trinity, Rouen, afterwards known as St. Catherine's, which held it in 1086 and then until 1391.[3][4] {{Quote|HARMONDSWORTH (Virgin Mary), a parish, in the union of Staines...Middlesex, 2½ miles (E. by N.) from Colnbrook; containing 1330 inhabitants. The living is a vicarage, with that of West Drayton united, net income, £530; patron, H. De Burgh, Esq...The church has a Norman door, and a tower with angular turrets, On Hounslow heath, in the parish, is a square intrenchment, each side measuring 100 yards, supposed to have been the work of Caesar in his war with Cassivelaunus.[6] A Topographical Dictionary of England||S. Lewis, 1848}}The manor and advowson (this grant did not include the knight's fees held in the king's hands nor the property farmed out by the priory), together with those of Tingewick (Buckinghamshire), were acquired from the abbey and prior in 1391 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, and formed part of the endowment of Winchester College and New College, Oxford, aka St. Mary College of Winchester in Oxford. Winchester College and New College retained the manor until 1543 when it was surrendered to Henry VIII in exchange for property elsewhere.[7] In 1547 the lordship and manor was granted to William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, KG, PC.[8] The Pagets held on to the manor until the eighteenth century, selling most of early during the time of the heir of Henry Paget, 2nd Earl of Uxbridge (1719-1769), Henry Bayley-Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge (1744-1812).[9] William, Lord Paget (1609-1678) sold some of it in 1672. Via his daughter Penelope Foley the Pagets were ancestors of Charles Darwin. Harmondsworth as an ancient parish of 30 hides (as assessed at Domesday, 1086) or {{convert|3480|acres|km2}}[10] (rather than today's surviving village nucleus) changed from agrarian and a few, isolated London suburban homes to mostly industrial gradually in 1929 with the opening of the Colnbrook by-pass which by-passed diminutive Longford to the north.[11] Harmondsworth civil parish from its 1880s creation until its 1964 abolition contained the same areas as its religious counterpart. Industrial development began in 1930 with the opening of the Road Research Laboratory (RRL) on this road. In the same year the Fairey Aviation Company opened an airfield, the Great West Aerodrome, south-west of Heathrow. This formed the nucleus of the later airport, and the Fairey hangar was eventually incorporated into Heathrow Airport as a fire station. By the late 1930s some residential building had taken place, although almost entirely in the northern half of the parish. Small estates were built off Hatch Lane around Candover Close and Zealand Avenue and further building took place along Sipson Road, around Blunts Avenue, and along the north side of the Bath Road at Sipson Green. Longford remained virtually untouched. A brick-works was established by the corner of Cain's Lane and Heathrow Road and the area of former heathland was extensively worked for gravel, sand, and grit. In the 1930s Middlesex County Council opened a large sewage pumping station to the west of Perry Oaks, which was converted to Heathrow Terminal 5 in the early 21st century. The Great South West Road touched the south-east corner of the parish but played no part in its development. Although many of the orchards survived, their numbers had been greatly reduced and it seems probable that much of the former fruit-growing area was being used for market gardening. In 1944 Harmondsworth and Sipson retained their agricultural character despite some suburban housing. It was then suggested that further expansion in the Yiewsley and West Drayton area should be curtailed, as the land was primarily in demand for agriculture, which was greatly adhered to until 1971.[12] In 1944, however, the modern pattern of Harmondsworth began to emerge with the transfer of the Fairey airfield to the Royal Air Force and its subsequent development by the Air Ministry as Heathrow R.A.F. station. This entailed the complete demolition of Heathrow and Perry Oaks hamlets, and widespread draining of the old flooded gravel pits. Many of the small buildings along the south side of the Bath Road that were still standing in 1960 were erected by the R.A.F.[12] Although not a post town, in printed form Harmondsworth is frequently seen in books. From 1937 the offices and warehouses of Penguin Books were here until their gradual closure in the 1990s.[13] In this period its books published in the country bore the publication location, "Harmondsworth, Middlesex". Proceedings of court, 26 July 1245Record of proceedings in the Church of Pinnore [Pinner], before the Dean of Middlesex, and Baldric, Chaplain acting on behalf of the Priors of Benetleye [Bentley] and Hermodesworth [Harmondsworth], in the cause between the Abbot and Convent of Bec, by Peter de Suynecumbe, Proctor, and John de Bleddel also Proctor for the Abbey of Bec [ Bec Herluin ] and the Rector of the Church of Great Wrothing [Great Wratting] by Master Henry de Trippeleawe his Proctor, and the Prior and Convent of Doure [Dover]. Question of certain proctorial letters received without seal of Prior, or Prior's name; necessary clause also deficient in them: decision that Prior of Doure pay all expenses.[14]Henry III Fine RollsFine rolls of Henry III.
Priors of the alien priory of S. Catherine du Mont, Harmondsworth
In 1390 William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, secured both papal and royal authority to acquire the lands of alien priories for his colleges,[26] and in the following year he obtained from Richard II a licence for St. Catherine's Abbey to sell him all its possessions in England, apart from the Priory of Blyth. These possessions comprised the manor of Harmondsworth with the advowson of the church and vicarage, the manor of Tingewick with its advowson, the advowsons of Saham Toney and St. Leonard's, and certain yearly pensions.[27] The Bishop sent a member of his household, Richard Altryncham, to Rouen to negotiate with the abbey and convent about this buying of the priory as an endowment for his colleges. A sale was agreed on 15 October 1391, the price being fixed at 8,400 gold francs, which were paid in 1392 through a firm of Genoese bankers. The bishop also undertook to provide for the prior Robert Beauchamp and for John le Cellier, his companion, all such things in the way of wine, food, clothing, and lodging as befitted religious of their estate for the rest of their lives. He would also furnish a chapel for the abbey.[28] The Harmondsworth property, centered on the priory which stood to the west of Manor Farm and the tithe barn, thus became part of the endowment of his two colleges at Winchester and Oxford.[29][30][31] ChurchThe historic parish church of Harmondsworth is the church of St Mary, of which parts date from the 12th century.[32][33] There is an opinion[34] that Heathrow Airport is legally responsible for maintaining this church's chancel, because the airport now owns land (formerly in Heathrow village) which in 1819 at the enclosing of the commons had been assigned in lieu of tithes used to maintain the chancel. Some Harmondsworth clergy:
Great BarnThe other notable historic building in Harmondsworth is the Grade I-listed Harmondsworth Great Barn, Britain's largest barn.[36] On the site of an earlier great barn, it was put up between 1425 and 1427 on land bought by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, in 1391, to endow his colleges Winchester College and New College, Oxford. It is the largest extant timber-framed building in England and was described by the English poet John Betjeman as the "Cathedral of Middlesex".[37][38] As of January 2012 the barn is owned by English Heritage.[39] A similar barn, built 25 years later in 1451–53, but shorter (with eight bays as opposed to the Harmondsworth barn's 12), is at Old Burghclere, Hampshire. This monumental barn was also built on land acquired by William of Wykeham. While the Harmondsworth barn was part of Winchester College's endowment the Burghclere barn passed to the family of Fiennes who had married the heiress of Wykeham's great-nephew heir. It now is part of the Highclere estate belonging to Lord Carnarvon.[40] GovernmentLocal government
United Kingdom governmentThere are two UK Border Agency immigration removal centres in Harmondsworth: Colnbrook Immigration Removal Centre and Harmondsworth Immigration Removal Centre.[44][45] Cottage HospitalThe Harlington, Harmondsworth and Cranford Cottage Hospital was established in 1884 and opened in 1885. It was halfway between Harmondsworth and Cranford on the Sipson Road, about four furlongs west of Harlington. EconomyBritish Airways is headquartered in Waterside in Harmondsworth.[46] The building officially opened in 1998.[47] An office of American Airlines occupies Orient House, Waterside.[48]Harmondsworth has two pubs: The Crown and the Five Bells.[49] The village was formerly home to Penguin Books, from 1937[50]. EducationHarmondsworth Primary School is in Harmondsworth.[51] TransportThe area is served by various buses and by West Drayton railway station centred {{convert|2|mi}} north, across the M4 motorway. The Bath Road (A4) is the predecessor to this route and passes through the village with junctions in the neighbouring villages leading to the M4 motorway. DemographyThe area comprises well-populated and scarcely populated areas but which have differing constitutions as to the buildings in which people live and stay: hotels, homes and the two immigration control institutions (in the east and north census output areas). Thus the population fluctuates to a greater or lesser extent, dependent on land use.[52]
Some people associated with Harmondsworth
Notable buildings
Nearest places{{Geographic location|title = Nearest Places |Centre = Harmondsworth |North = West Drayton |Northeast = West Drayton |East = Sipson |Southeast = across Heathrow Airport Bedfont |South = across Heathrow Airport Stanwell |Southwest = Stanwell Moor |West = Colnbrook |Northwest = across part of Iver Langley }} See also{{Portal|London}}ReferencesCitations1. ^Philip Sherwood, Harlington and Harmondsworth, TEMPUS, Stroud, 2002, pages 8-9. (& Sherwood, Heathrow, 2000 Years of history, Sutton publishing, 1999, p.15) 2. ^The Cult of St Katherine of Alexandria in Early Medieval Europe, by Christine Walsh, Ashgate, 2007, page 125. 3. ^It seems appropriate considering the possible future and present Harmondsworth beset by airplane wheels that the 325 years owner of the manor was named after St Catherine of Alexandria whose attribute was the wheel on which she was martyred. 4. ^V.C.H. Middlesex, volume i. pages 123-4, and A History of the County of Middlesex, volume iv, Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood With Southall, Hillingdon With Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow With Pinner, published by Victoria County History, London, 1971, and Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, i, ed. H. W. C. Davis, no. 29. 5. ^The Cult of St Katherine of Alexandria in Early Medieval Europe, by Christine Walsh, Ashgate, 2007, page 125. 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51008 |title=Harlow - Harraton |author=Samuel Lewis (editor) |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |date=1848 |work=A Topographical Dictionary of England |accessdate=23 November 2014 }} 7. ^Cal. Pat. 1388-92, 378, 434; E 212/D.S. 98; M.R.O., Acc. 446/ED. 108. And L. & P. Hen. VIII, xviii (2), p. 124. And C 66/729/6. Via A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4, Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood With Southall, Hillingdon With Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow With Pinner, published by Victoria County History, London, 1971, pages 7-10. 8. ^16. Cal. Pat. 1547-8, 45., via VCH, aka A History of the County of Middlesex, Volume 4, Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood With Southall, Hillingdon With Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow With Pinner, published by Victoria County History, London, 1971. 9. ^Daniel and Samuel Lysons, An Historical Account of those Parishes in the County of Middlesex which are not included in the Environs of London, (London, 1800), page 139. 10. ^Imperial Gazetteer 1870-72 John Marius Wilson Extract featured at Vision of Britain, University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 2014-11-23 11. ^In the late 14th and early 15th centuries the manor, rather than parish, of Harmondsworth, was reckoned to consist of about 1,321 a.(VCH). 12. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22382 |title=Harmondsworth: Introduction |author=T F T Baker, J S Cockburn, R B Pugh (Editors), Diane K Bolton, H P F King, Gillian Wyld, D C Yaxley |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |date=1971 |work=A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4 |accessdate=23 November 2014 }} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.penguinfirsteditions.com/index.php?cat=history |title=Penguin First Editions :: Early First Edition Penguin Books :: penguinfirsteditions.com |newspaper=Penguinfirsteditions.com |date= |author= |accessdate= June 21, 2016}} 14. ^St George's Chapel, Windsor: SGC XI.G.27 15. ^Close R. 1259–61, 182 16. ^Cal. Pat. 1272–81, 166 17. ^Cal. Pat. 1272–81, 346 18. ^Cal. Pat. 1292–1301, 270 19. ^Blomefield, Norf. ii. 320 20. ^Blomefield, Norf. ii. 320 and London Reg. Gravesend (Cant. and York Soc.), 268. 21. ^Blomefield, Norf. ii. 320. 22. ^Cal. Fine R. 1337–47, 262; 1347–56, 314; Cal. Close, 1343–6, 636. 23. ^Cal. Fine R. 1347–56, 314. 24. ^Cal. Fine R. 1347–56, 325; 1369–77, 22; 1377–83, 24; Cal. Papal Pets. 1342–1419, 310; Cal. Close, 1377–81, 212; 1385–9, 500; 1389–92. 25. ^The Heads of Religious Houses: England and Wales, II. 1216–1377,edited by David M. Smith, Vera C. M. London, Cambridge University Press, 2004, page 165. 26. ^Archaeologia, lviii. 342–5. 27. ^Cal. Pat. 1388–92, 374, 434. 28. ^Archaeologia, lviii. 343–5. 29. ^Cal. Papal Regs. 1362–1404, 441. 30. ^V.C.H. Mdx. ii. 6. 31. ^A History of the County of Middlesex, volume 1, published by Victoria County History, London, 1969, Pages 193-204. 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22386 |title=Harmondsworth: Church | British History Online |publisher=British-history.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2016-06-21}} 33. ^{{IoE|202847|Grade I|accessdate=30 January 2012}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://chancelrepairliability.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/is-heathrow-airport-responsible-for.html|title=Chancel Repair Liability: Is Heathrow Airport responsible for a Chancel?|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}} 35. ^Info from Crockford via the Clergy Database http://db.theclergydatabase.org.uk/) & John Burke's A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 3, 1836. 36. ^Nails are only used on the sides. 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/harmondsworth-barn/history/ |title=History of Harmondsworth Barn |publisher=English Heritage |date= |accessdate=2016-06-21}} 38. ^{{cite web |url=http://village.vossnet.co.uk/a/awharris/overview.htm |title=Harmondsworth |work=village.vossnet.co.uk |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224092452/http://village.vossnet.co.uk/a/awharris/overview.htm |archivedate=24 February 2008 |accessdate=21 June 2016}} 39. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-16776801 | work=BBC News | title=Medieval Harmondsworth Barn bought by English Heritage | date=30 January 2012}} 40. ^local knowledge & A History of the County of Hampshire, Volume IV, edited by William Page, London, 1911, pp. 277-281. 41. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10102157&c_id=10001043 | title=Harmondsworth CP/AP Middlesex through time – Administrative history of Parish-level Unit: hierarchies, boundaries | work=A Vision of Britain through Time | publisher=* University of Portsmouth & others | year=2008 | accessdate=2009-01-18 }} 42. ^1 Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density United Kingdom Census 2011 Office for National Statistics Retrieved 31 October 2014 43. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/index.jsp?articleid=10031 | title=Heathrow Villages ward | publisher=London Borough of Hillingdon | date=2009-01-14 | accessdate=2009-01-18 }} 44. ^"Colnbrook Immigration Removal Centre." UK Visas and Immigration. Retrieved on 13 February 2010. 45. ^"Harmondsworth Immigration Removal Centre." UK Border Agency. Retrieved on 13 February 2010. 46. ^"Contact Information." British Airways. Retrieved on 18 May 2009. 47. ^"Our locations." British Airways. Retrieved on 18 September 2009. 48. ^"Impressum" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6P4ktvZ5A Archive]). American Airlines China. Retrieved on 24 April 2014. "American Airlines, Inc. Orient House (HAA3), Po Box 365, Waterside, Harmondsworth, UB7 0GB United Kingdom" 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pubsgalore.co.uk/areas/harmondsworth/greater-london/|title=Pubs in Harmondsworth : Pubs Galore|publisher=|accessdate=21 June 2016}} 50. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.penguinfirsteditions.com/index.php?cat=history|title=Penguin First Editions :: Early First Edition Penguin Books :: penguinfirsteditions.com|website=www.penguinfirsteditions.com|access-date=2018-01-15}} 51. ^"Harmondsworth Primary School." London Borough of Hillingdon. Retrieved on 27 June 2010. 52. ^Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density United Kingdom Census 2011 Office for National Statistics Output areas E00012181,12184,12185+12188 Retrieved 31 October 2014 53. ^The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386-1421, edited by J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe, 1993. 54. ^In May and June 1393 he was a guest in the household of William of Wykeham. 55. ^Daniel and Samuel Lysons, An Historical Account of those Parishes in the County of Middlesex which are not included in the Environs of London, London, 1800, page 139. 56. ^Thorne, Environs of London, page 320. Via A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4, Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood With Southall, Hillingdon With Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow With Pinner, Victoria County History, London, 1971, pages 7 -10. 57. ^Some of the stock was transferred in 1878 to the use of the National School. (J. Webb, History of Charities and Fishing Rights in Harmondsworth, 1880, pages 13-14.) 58. ^Lionel Robbins, by Susan Howson, Cambridge University Press, 2011. 59. ^Autobiography of an Economist, Lord Robbins, St Martin's Press, Macmillan, 1971. 60. ^an emergency 61. ^Simon Jenkins, ‘John Betjeman’s Heathrow’, in The Selling of Mary Davies and Other Writings (London, 1993), pages 63–70; & Candida Lycett Green, pers. comm. to English Heritage's account of Harmondsworth Great Barn for its website. Bibliography
External links
3 : Areas of London|Districts of the London Borough of Hillingdon|Places formerly in Middlesex |
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