| 词条 | BL 13.5-inch Mk I – IV naval gun |
| 释义 |
|name= Ordnance BL 13.5 inch gun Mk I - IV | image= HMS Hood 13.5 inch forward gun turret.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption=The forward 13.5-inch (343-mm) gun turret of the battleship {{HMS|Hood|1891|6}} |origin= United Kingdom |type= Naval gun |is_ranged=YES |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery=YES |is_vehicle= |is_UK=YES |service= |used_by= United Kingdom Kingdom of Italy |wars= |designer= Woolwich |design_date=1880 |manufacturer= |production_date= |number= |variants=Mk I, II, III, IV |weight=67-69 tons barrel & breech[1] |length= |part_length={{convert|405|in|m|sigfig=4}} bore (30 calibres) [1] |width= |height= |crew= |cartridge= {{convert|1250|lb|kg}}[1] |caliber={{convert|13.5|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=4}} |action= |rate= |velocity= {{convert|2016|ft/s|m/s|sigfig=3}}[2] |range= {{convert|12000|yd|m}}[1] |feed= |sights= |breech= |recoil= |carriage= |elevation= |traverse= }} The BL 13.5 inch naval gun Mk I ("67-ton gun") was Britain's first successful large breechloading naval gun, initially designed in the early 1880s and eventually deployed in the late 1880s. Mks I - IV[3] were all of 30 calibres length and of similar construction and performance. United Kingdom serviceRoyal Navy serviceThe gun was designed to match the new large guns of the French {{sclass-|Amiral Baudin|ironclad|0}} battleships. Development and manufacture occurred far slower than intended.[7] The first ships armed with the 13.5 in gun were four of the {{sclass2-|Admiral|battleship|2}}s: {{HMS|Anson|1886|2}}, {{HMS|Camperdown|1885|2}}, {{HMS|Howe|1885|2}} and {{HMS|Rodney|1884|2}}, which were laid down in 1882-83 and completed in 1888-89.[4] The Howe and the Rodney were laid down to the same dimensions as the preceding {{HMS|Collingwood|1882|2}}, which was designed for 12 in 45 ton guns. The increase in weight of the 13.5 in guns, their mountings and ammunition increased draught from {{convert|26|ft|4+1/2|in|m}} to {{convert|27|ft|10|in|m}}, and increased displacement by {{convert|800|LT|t}}.[9] The Anson and Camperdown were laid down later, to greater dimensions. All four ships carried their 13.5 in guns in twin barbettes on the centreline at each end of the superstructure. The guns also equipped the subsequent {{sclass-|Trafalgar|battleship|4}} laid down in 1886 and {{sclass-|Royal Sovereign|battleship|2}}s laid down in 1889. Coast defence serviceA single Mk III gun was mounted as a disappearing gun for coast defence at Penlee Battery, Plymouth.[5] Italian serviceGuns were also sold to Italy to arm the {{sclass-|Re Umberto|ironclad|2}}s {{ship|Italian ironclad|Re Umberto||2}}, {{ship|Italian ironclad|Sicilia||2}}, and {{ship|Italian ironclad|Sardegna||2}}, laid down in 1884 and finally commissioned in 1893 and 1895. {{clear|left}}ConstructionThe gun was made up of the following parts:[11]
Construction was as follows:[11]
The length of the bore was {{convert|405|in|m}} (30 calibres), of which the length of rifling was {{convert|333.4|in|m}}. The rifling used the increasing twist system; there were 54 grooves, with a twist of 1 in 120 at the breech-end rising to 1 in 30 at {{convert|166.7|in|m}} from the muzzle; the twist then remained a uniform 1 in 30.[11] The chamber length was {{convert|66.5|in|m}}, and the volume of the chamber was {{convert|17,100|in3|m3}}.[14] The gun had a hydraulically-operated interrupted-screw breech-block. The breech-block was completely detached from the gun during loading (because there was no carrier).[14] The guns were designed and manufactured by Woolwich Arsenal.[6] There were significant delays in the manufacture of the guns in the 1880s, which inordinately delayed the completion of the first four battleships equipped with them. The cause of the delays was "the faulty principle of placing liners in the bores which cracked during proof and it took a long time to repair these and make the guns efficient."[7] Operating characteristicsThe gun fired a {{convert|1,250|lb|kg|adj=on}} projectile using {{convert|630|lb|kg}} brown powder (SBC) propellant. This gave the projectile a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2016|ft/s|m/s}}, which would penetrate {{convert|28.2|in|mm}} wrought iron at {{convert|1000|yd|km}}.[8][14] When smokeless propellant was introduced, the gun had a {{convert|187|lb|kg}} cordite-44 charge, giving the 1,250 lb projectile a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2099|ft/s|m/s}}.[14] The calibre radius head (crh) of the projectiles was nominally two.[14] In the Admiral and Trafalgar classes the maximum elevation was 13 degrees. In the Royal Sovereign class and the Hood the maximum elevation was 13.5 degrees. At 13.5 degrees elevation, the maximum range with brown powder was {{convert|11,950|yd|km}}, whilst with cordite it was {{convert|12,620|yd|km}}.[9] The projectiles used a copper driving band to engage the rifling. Once a gun had fired about 100-110 rounds with full (brown powder) charges, the rifling became worn near the breech, such that it was necessary to augment the width of the driving bands. Ships were therefore issued with "augmenting strips", which were long strips of copper that were hammered partially into the recessed ring around the projectile (cannelure) that held the driving band. Once guns were too worn for augmenting strips to help, the guns were sent back to the factory to be relined.[10] Wear was lower when firing reduced charges.[10] Under favourable circumstances, the 13.5 in guns on the Anson could fire once every two minutes.[11] See also
Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
Notes1. ^1 2 3 Text Book of Gunnery 1902, Table XII, Page 336 2. ^1,250 lb shell, with 630 lb slow-burning cocoa powder or 187 lb cordite size 44. Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. 3. ^Mk I = Mark 1, Mk II = Mark 2, Mk III = Mark 3, Mk IV = Mk 4. Britain used Roman numerals to denote marks (models) of ordnance until after World War II. Hence this article covers the first four models of British 13.5 inch guns 4. ^Parkes, British Battleships, p317. 5. ^Victorian Forts and Artillery 6. ^1 Parkes, British Battleships, p318. 7. ^1 Parkes, British Battleships, p319. 8. ^1 2 3 'Garbutt, Naval Gunnery, p120 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 British Naval Guns 1880-1945, No 2, by NJM Campbell, in Warship Volume V p96. 10. ^1 'Garbutt, Naval Gunnery, p124 11. ^'Garbutt, Naval Gunnery, p123 References{{reflist}}Bibliography
External links{{commons category|BL 13.5 inch naval gun Mk I - IV}}
6 : Naval guns of the United Kingdom|Naval guns of Italy|340 mm artillery|Elswick Ordnance Company|Coastal artillery|Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom |
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