| 词条 | Black Cat Tavern |
| 释义 |
| name = The Black Cat | image = | caption = | location= 3909 W. Sunset Blvd. | coordinates = {{coord|34.0921|-118.2798|format=dms|type:landmark_region:US-CA|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = Los Angeles | area = | built = 1939 | architect= | architecture= Art Deco | designation1 = Los Angeles | designation1_date = 2008[1][2] | designation1_number = 939 | governing_body = private }} The Black Cat Tavern was an LGBT bar located at 3909 West Sunset Boulevard in the Sunset Junction neighborhood of the Silver Lake district in Los Angeles, California. The police raids and the subsequent protests at the Black Cat Tavern can be understood within the spatial and temporal context of the Sunset Strip curfew riots that took place during the counterculture movement of the 1960s. Individuals protesting police raids spawned by homophobic sentiment were urged by speakers to make a "[...] unified community stand in Silver Lake against police brutality."[3] In other words, the response to the raid on the Black Cat Tavern became a platform to discuss intersectional issues relating to the criminal justice system. HistoryThe bar was established in November 1966. On the night of New Year's Day 1967, several plain-clothes LAPD police officers infiltrated the tavern.[4]According to Tangents – a local gay newspaper – “The Black Cat was happy and hooping” before undercover police arrived and started beating patrons as they were ringing in the New Year: "There were colored balloons covering the ceiling ... and three glittering Christmas trees."[5] Moments later, “all hell broke loose.” [5] After arresting several patrons for kissing as they celebrated the occasion,[6] the undercover police officers began beating several of the patrons[7] and ultimately arrested fourteen patrons for “assault and public lewdness."[9] The police used deliberate and excessive force during the raid to carry out explicitly homophobic state legislation that prevented queer folks from (1) kissing and/or engaging in any sexual acts, and (2) wearing clothing that did not match their socially prescribed gender role. For example, one of the patrons was aggressively beaten in the head by a cop wielding a pool cue. Contrary to popular myth, there was no "riot" at the Black Cat, but a civil demonstration of 200 attendees to protest the raids was held on February 11, 1967. The demonstration was organized by a group called PRIDE (Personal Rights in Defense and Education) – founded by Steve Ginsberg – and the SCCRH (Southern California Council on Religion and Homophile).[9] The protest was met by squadrons of armed policemen.[4] Two of the men arrested for kissing were later convicted under California Penal Code Section 647 and registered as sex offenders.[9] The men appealed, asserting their right of equal protection under the law, but the U.S. Supreme Court did not accept their case.[8] However, there were fundraising efforts that reached New York and San Francisco for the six convicted patrons – including Benny Baker and Charles Talley. In addition, it was from this event that the publication The Advocate began as a newspaper for PRIDE (Personal Rights in Defense and Education).[9] Together the raid on the Black Cat Tavern and later the raid on The Patch in August 1968 inspired the formation of the Metropolitan Community Church (led by Pastor Troy Perry).[10][11] On November 7, 2008, the site was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, HCM No. 939.[12][13] In 2014, queer Chicana artist Alma López and students in her "Queer Art in LA" class at UCLA painted a mural depicting the protests. The mural is located in the LGBTQ Studies offices in Haines Hall on the UCLA campus. [14] Present dayAfter operating as a gay bar under several names (most recently Le Barcito catering to the Latino community), in November 2012 the site became a restaurant and bar named The Black Cat in memory of the earlier establishment. The new Black Cat caters to a general clientele, and there are photographs of the events of 1967 displayed inside.[15] ControversiesIn their seminal essay, "Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth," Elizabeth A. Armstrong and Suzanna M. Crage examine "[...] why the Stonewall riots became central to gay collective memory while other events did not."[16] LGBT academics continue to challenge the novelty of events at the Stonewall Inn by pointing to critical moments in LGBT history that took place before 1969. The popular notion that the Stonewall Riots marked the very first time that LGBT folks "[...] fought back instead of passively enduring humiliating treatment,"[16] is false. Other critical moments in LGBT History that pre-date Stonewall include:
See also
Footnotes1. ^{{cite web |author=Department of City Planning |title=Designated Historic-Cultural Monuments |publisher=City of Los Angeles |url=http://www.preservation.lacity.org/monuments |accessdate=2010-06-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609160708/http://www.preservation.lacity.org/monuments |archivedate=2010-06-09 |df= }} {{Early U.S. gay rights movement}}{{LAHMC}}2. ^Office of Historic Resources, Newsletter, January 2009. 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Davis|first=Mike|date=2007-01-01|title=Riot Nights on Sunset Strip|jstor=25149760|journal=Labour / Le Travail|volume=59|pages=199–214}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.johnrechy.com/so_adel.htm |title=Speaking Out |publisher=Johnrechy.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-04}} 5. ^1 Baldwin, Belinda. "L.A., 1/1/67: the Black Cat riots." The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide 13.2 (2006): 28+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 23 Feb. 2016. 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tangentgroup.org/history/Timeline/Timeline1961.html |title=Timeline of Homosexual History, 1961 to 1979 |publisher=Tangentgroup.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001046/http://www.tangentgroup.org/history/Timeline/Timeline1961.html |archivedate=2014-05-11 |df= }} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tangentgroup.org/history/BlackCat.html |title=Press Release regarding the 1966 raid on the Black Cat bar |publisher=The Tangent Group |date= |accessdate=2013-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427062657/http://www.tangentgroup.org/history/BlackCat.html |archivedate=2015-04-27 |df= }} 8. ^Gay LA, Page 157, Authors Faderman & Timmons, University of California Press, copyright 2006 9. ^Gay LA, Page 159, Authors Faderman & Timmons, University of California Press, copyright 2006 10. ^Gay LA, Page 163, Authors Faderman & Timmons, University of California Press, copyright 2006 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.camprehoboth.com/issue09_14_07/past_out.htm |title=Letters from Camp Rehoboth - September 14, 2007 - PAST Out |publisher= |date= |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518032727/http://www.camprehoboth.com/issue09_14_07/past_out.htm |archivedate=May 18, 2008 }} 12. ^1 2 3 2009 Newsletter.pdf City of Los Angeles, Department of City Planning, "Los Angeles’ Newest Historic-Cultural Monuments", January 2009 v.3, no. 1, p. 6. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140622035948/http://www.preservation.lacity.org/files/January |date=2014-06-22 }} 13. ^{{cite news|title=News article |publisher= Los Angeles Times |edition= print|date= November 8, 2008}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/lgbtq-studies-program-celebrates-20-years|title=The Evolution of LGBTQ Studies at UCLA|last=Wolf|first=Jessica|date=July 17, 2017|website=UCLA Newsroom|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=February 15, 2019}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theeastsiderla.com/2012/10/storefront-report-a-new-fancy-life-for-silver-lakes-black-cat-tavern/ |title=A new (fancy) life for Silver Lake’s Black Cat Tavern |publisher=The Eastsider LA |date= |accessdate=2013-07-01}} 16. ^1 Armstrong, E. A., and S. M. Crage. "Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth." American Sociological Review 71.5 (2006): 724-51. Web. 17. ^{{cite news|last1=Lilly|first1=Christiana|title=Los Angeles’ Cooper Donuts gay riots sparked a revolution 10 years before Stonewall|url=https://thepridela.com/2016/09/los-angeles-cooper-donuts-gay-riots-sparked-revolution-10-years-stonewall/|accessdate=30 June 2017|work=The Pride LA|date=30 September 2016}} 12 : Defunct LGBT nightclubs in California|Buildings and structures in Los Angeles|1966 in LGBT history|LGBT culture in Los Angeles|LGBT historic places in the United States|History of LGBT civil rights in the United States|1966 in California|Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments|Nightclubs in Los Angeles County, California|Silver Lake, Los Angeles|Art Deco architecture in California|LGBT drinking establishments in California |
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