| 词条 | Black Procession |
| 释义 |
This is an article about a historical event in Poland. For a musical band, see The Black Heart Procession. Black procession ({{lang-pl|Czarna procesja}}) was a demonstration held by burghers of Polish royal cities in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's capital of Warsaw on 2 December 1789, during the Great Sejm. It vastly contributed to the passage of a belated major urban reform. The procession that took place Warsaw on 2 December 1789 was inspired by Hugo Kołłątaj, and led by Jan Dekert.[1][2][3] 294 [4] representatives of 141 towns under royal charter (miasta królewskie),[3][4] clad in black,[2][4] passed peacefully (marching[4] or in carriages[5]) through the streets of Warsaw, from the town hall, reaching the Royal Castle (where members of the Great Sejm were meeting) and getting an audience with the king Stanisław August Poniatowski.[4] The burghers demanded similar privileges to those held by the nobles (szlachta). Their demands included the right to buy and own land estates, the right to be represented in the Polish parliament (Sejm) and reforms to the urban law.[2][4][6] The procession influenced the Great Sejm to create a Commission for the Cities (Deputacja w sprawie miast).[1][4]Only members of the royal towns (with the notable exception of Kraków[7]) took part in the procession; the representatives of the private towns (owned by the magnates) did not.[4] Eventually, the burghers' cause succeeded and the belated urban reform in the Commonwealth took place with the passage of the Free Royal Cities Act on 18 April 1791, which became a notable amendment to the Constitution of May 3.[6] The Act granted, to the Commonwealth's townspeople, personal security, the right to acquire landed property, and eligibility for military officers' commissions, public offices, and gave the right for ennoblement.[6] References1. ^1 {{cite book|author=Jerzy Łojek|title=Ku naprawie Rzeczypospolitej: Konstytucja 3 Maja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg9pAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=10 June 2013|year=1988|publisher=Wydawnictwo Interpress|isbn=978-83-223-2324-3|page=79|language=Polish}} 2. ^1 2 {{pl icon}} Czarna procesja, WIEM Encyklopedia, retrieved on 12 June 2008 3. ^1 {{pl icon}} czarna procesja, PWN Encyklopedia, retrieved on 12 June 2008 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|author=Gershon David Hunderṭ|title=Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century: A Genealogy of Modernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9BNcKGBkVkC&pg=PA221|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=1 August 2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24994-3|page=221}} 5. ^Samuel Fiszman, Constitution and reform in eighteenth-century Poland: the constitution of 3 May 1791, Indiana University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-253-33317-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wnRpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Black+procession%22+1789&dq=%22Black+procession%22+1789&ei=KXAyStCfE4O0yQSzz6WSBA&pgis=1 Google Print, p.455] 6. ^1 2 The Third of May Constitution {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608191110/http://www.senat.gov.pl/k4eng/historia/noty/NOTA17E.HTM |date=2008-06-08 }} 7. ^{{pl icon}} Paweł Jasienica, Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1982, {{ISBN|83-06-00788-3}}, p.432 5 : 1789 in Poland|History of Warsaw|Protest marches|Protests in Poland|Great Sejm |
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