“Blue Comet”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Blue Comet was a named passenger train operated by Central Railroad of New Jersey from 1929 to 1941 between the New York metropolitan area and Atlantic City.

Designed by Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) president R.B. White in 1928, this train whisked passengers from Communipaw Terminal in Jersey City to Atlantic City, making the total trip from Manhattan (via ferry to the Jersey City terminal) to Atlantic City in three hours. The Blue Comet would take NY&LB trackage to Red Bank, then follow the Southern Division Main Line to Winslow Junction, where it would travel over the Atlantic City Railroad's tracks to Atlantic City.^[1]

The colors chosen for the Blue Comets locomotive and passenger cars were ultramarine and Packard Blue, for the sea, cream, for the sandy coastal beaches, and nickel. The tickets for the train were blue, the dining car chairs were upholstered in blue linen, and the porters were dressed in blue as well. The locomotive was capable of 100 miles per hour, and the railroad claimed the train itself was the first east of the Mississippi to be equipped with roller bearings for easy starting and stopping.^[2]

History

Inaugurated on February 21, 1929, the Blue Comet was designed to provide coach passengers with deluxe equipment, accommodations, and service at a regular coach fare. The first revenue passengers to board the CNJ's new flagship at Communipaw Terminal were Miss Beatrice Winter and Miss Helen Lewis of New York. As the Blue Comet made its way to Atlantic City, it was put on display for patrons, railfans, and local residents to see and inspect. Thousands of spectators along the line came to see the new train. This was due in part to a clever ad campaign via radio and newspaper which spurred public interest. Following its first arrival in Atlantic City, a formal dinner was held for railroad officials at the Hotel Dennis. The Blue Comet was published in several periodicals and trade magazines such as Railway Age (March 1929), Fortune (The first issue in February, 1930), The Modelmaker, and several advertisements for ELESCO Superheaters and Feedwater Heaters. Periodic articles about the train would also appear in The New York Times, The Philadelphia Inquirer, and local papers such as the Red Bank Register. It was even featured in a British 1937 Gallaher Ltd collection of tobacco cards entitled "Trains of the world." Billed as the "Seashore's Finest Train", it was dubbed a "Symphony in Blue." Lionel founder Joshua Lionel Cowen, was among those who frequently rode the Blue Comet. Inspired by the train's elegant beauty, speed, and the sublime power of its towering locomotive, Lionel offered a standard gauge model of the train in 1930. This gave the train and Lionel an almost mythical quality.

The Blue Comet would offer extra accommodations at the regular coach fare and have assigned seats so passengers knew exactly where they would sit. The PRR charged extra for its all-parlor car Atlantic City Limited and New York Limited. In addition, the PRR charged extra fees for parlor cars on the Nellie Bly. The Blue Comet ran on-schedule 97 percent of the time for the first five years.^[3] A billboard was installed on the Routes 33 and 34 overpass at Farmingdale listing the times the train would pass that area.

The Blue Comet was initially a success but fell victim to the Great Depression. Service was reduced to a single round trip by April 1933. Also that year, the PRR and Reading Company (RDG) consolidated their southern New Jersey routes and formed the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines.^[4] After the merger, the PRR owned two-thirds of the trackage. Reports from travelers indicate that Blue Comet information was not readily available at the Atlantic City station. This had the Blue Comet service at a disadvantage, as PRR Atlantic City-New York information was readily available for passengers heading to points north.

For residents of the more isolated sections of the Pine Barrens, the Blue Comet's railroad crews would drop off newspapers. In Chatsworth, the train slowed as it went through the center of town on its return from Atlantic City to disperse a bundle of the daily papers - including The New York Times, The Philadelphia Inquirer, among other big-city publications - which had been provided for passengers to read while on board. This goodwill gesture offered a way for locals who did not have radios or electricity to stay informed on current events. Community lore has it that residents would show their appreciation by bringing baskets of freshly picked berries for the crew. However, this anecdote has been disputed by some who lived in the area at the time and insisted the express train did not stop in a location where such an exchange would have happened.

The train's last run was on September 27, 1941, Its main competitor, the Nellie Bly, lasted until 1961.

Accidents

On Friday, December 26, 1935 the Blue Comet experienced a small fire in the roof of the dining car Giaccobini. The fire was discovered while the train was en route to Red Bank by the chef, who promptly alerted the steward Lewis Herring. The two men attempted to put out the fire themselves using fire extinguishers, however the origin of the fire was inaccessible. An overheated flue from the coal stove had cause some of the roof structure to burn between the ceiling and the roof of the dining car. Red Bank firefighters were summoned as the train pulled into the station, and the fire was quickly put out. Damage was estimated at only $50.00. The passengers were unaware that there was any problem until they were politely asked to leave the dining car at the station. The Blue Comet was delayed for 39 minutes while the fire was put out and the dining car removed from service. The train arrived in Atlantic City only 22 minutes behind schedule.^[6]

On August 19, 1939, train No 4218 was traveling east-bound with a consist of the combine Halley, a coach (D'Arrest), a diner (Giacobini), a second coach (Winnecki), and the observation car Beila. Engine No. 820, a 4-6-2 Pacific was on point. Conductor Walsh and Engineman Thomas were in charge of the train, which was carrying 49 passengers and crew. Extraordinarily heavy rains fell in the area throughout the day. It is estimated that roughly {{frac|13|1|2}} inches of rain fell, and about {{frac|10|3|4}} inches fell between 2 and 6 pm. The train's crew had reduced speed from the usual 70 mph to between 35-40 mph, as visibility was poor and the crew had been given a message at Winslow Junction to keep a lookout for sand on the crossings due to the heavy rains. Near milepost 86, about a mile west of Chatsworth^[7] station, the train hit a washout at 4:37 pm. The surface water had overwhelmed two 24-inch culverts, and undermined the roadbed. The engine and tender made it across the damaged track, with the rear tender truck being derailed. The rear truck floating lever was damaged, rendering the tender brakes inoperative. The entire 5-car consist, however, had become uncoupled from the tender and derailed.^[8] The cars came to rest in general line with the track, and were leaning at various angles. Roughly 500 feet of track was destroyed. When the train failed to arrive at Chatsworth Station, personnel and local residents waded over a mile through the woods in water waist deep in parts to reach the wreck. Reports that one hundred people were killed led to a flurry of ambulances from northern parts of the state. Actually, only forty-nine people were on board. The injured included 32 passengers, 4 dining car employees, 1 porter, and 1 train service employee. The chef, Joseph Coleman, was crushed and badly scalded in the kitchen of the dining car when the stove fell on top of him as the car overturned. He later died from his injuries.^[9] The majority of the injuries were minor, resulting from the flying wicker chairs in the observation car. CNJ crews replaced about six hundred feet of damaged track in approximately forty-eight hours. A relief train arrived a few hours later to take the remaining passengers. An investigation concluded that the derailment was caused by the washout which resulted from the unusually heavy rainfall. Today, the mainline track and wreck site are abandoned and very overgrown.

All of the equipment involved in the wreck was repaired and returned to service, except for the dining car Giaccobini. Being a steel-clad wooden car, it was unable to withstand the forces of the wreck and was too badly damaged to repair. It was used as a rail yard freight office until it was eventually scrapped.

Crossing accidents

On Friday, January 10, 1936, William Taylor, 42, an African-American farmhand, was instantly killed when his produce truck was struck by the Blue Comet while crossing the tracks at Finkel's Lane, Shrewsbury. Mr. Taylor was employed on the farm owned by C. Borderson of Shrewsbury and had been transporting produce from one side of farm to the other. The crossing was on private property and had no watchman. The engineer, William J. Smith of Elizabeth, was taken into custody for questioning and later released. Engineer Smith stated that the bell of the Blue Comet had been kept ringing ever since the train pulled out of the Red Bank station. The whistle, he said, had also been sounded. The truck was demolished and the locomotive badly damaged. A steam valve cap from the automatic safety control of the engine was damaged and the steam escaped. After a delay of about an hour, the train limped into Eatontown station, where an extra locomotive from Red Bank took up the interrupted journey.^[10]

Shortly before noon on January 14, 1936, a National Biscuit Company trailer-truck, stalled on the tracks of the New York & Long Branch railroad at the Shrewsbury Avenue crossing, was struck by a southbound Pennsylvania train. The driver, Joseph Clark, 53, of Corona, Long Island, jumped from the cab of the truck before the train crashed into it. According to the driver, the motor of the truck stalled just as it reached the tracks. A wrecking crew removed the truck from the tracks so as to permit the Blue Comet, due at Red Bank at 10:04 o'clock, to pass.^[11]

At 6:10 PM on Monday, September 8, 1941, a mother and two of her children were killed when the Blue Comet express train crashed into a light delivery truck at an unprotected crossing not far from their home. They were Mrs. Antionette Macciocca, 35, of White Horse Pike Elm, and her two daughters, Gloria, 13, and Joanne, 4. The accident took place as Mrs. Mocciocca was driving back to her home after visiting a neighbor to obtain advice on canning vegetables. The crash occurred a few minutes after the Blue Comet left Hammonton, bound from Atlantic City to Jersey City. State police said the crossing was marked with a sign but was without watchman, crossing bells, or signal lights. The train stopped several hundred yards up the tracks after the incident and was delayed for an hour. The crew included A. Feryling, Phillipsburg, engineer, and J.F. Walsh, Somerville.^[12]

Equipment

Three brand-new G3s Pacific locomotives were assigned to the train: numbers 831, 832 and 833. The CNJ totally refurbished sixteen cars for Blue Comet service, inside and out. The train and its engines were painted in Packard Blue to suggest the sea and the sky. The passenger cars all had a cream band running the length of the side at the windows to evoke the sand of the shore. The paint scheme was unusual, since the road name did not appear on each car; rather, only the name of the train, "THE BLUE COMET", appeared in gold lettering on the letter board. Each car was named for a different comet. The name of each car was placed in gold lettering at the middle of each side below the windows. The underframes and trucks were painted royal blue and varnished. The locomotives' marker lights, headlights, handrails, coupler lifting rods, cylinder head covers, and back valve chambers were nickel-plated. Side rods were polished. The name of the train was painted in gold lettering on a blue nameboard that was mounted to the front of the smoke box just below the Elesco feedwater heater. The train was also known by its distinctive whistle. Mounted on the fireman's side of the steam dome, it was usually angled forward. While the manufacturer and cadence of the specific whistle has not been verified (none are known to exist), it is reported to have been a long-bell 3-chime steamboat whistle similar to a Hancock or Star Brass 6" long-bell 3-chime.

In later years, as ridership declined, the usual G3s locomotives were sometimes used in other service. As a result, a variety of motive power was used. Sometimes the Blue Comet was pulled by other CNJ fast Pacifics such as #820, or Camelback locomotives such as #592. No. 592 was one of the CNJ's fastest Camelbacks and could frequently be found on point in Blue Comet service.

Each train consisted of a baggage car, combine-smoker, coaches, and an observation car. Inside the train, the cars were lavishly furnished. Each car was clad in circassian walnut with a gold inlay pattern. The headliners were cream colored. Window shades were made of blue Spanish pantasote. The luggage racks were nickel-plated. Each car had a drinking fountain by the North Pole Sanitary Drinking Fountain company of Chicago. Collapsible cone-shaped paper cups with the train's logo were available via a dispenser above the fountain. Coaches were fitted out with 64 individual seats which rotated, nickel-plated coat hooks, and umbrella holders mounted to the back of the seats. Upholstery was Persian Blue, rendered in figured mohair. The observation car seats were triple-cushioned, 48 rattan lounge chairs in silver and blue, lining either side. These were upholstered in Persian blue Avalon plush, with a gold-tinted floral pattern. The coaches and combines each had a men's lavatory and toilet located at one end of the car to each side of the aisle. The coaches and observation car were each fitted out with a generous women's lounge with an adjoining toilet. The lounge had a full-length mirror, two wicker armchairs, a boudoir chair, and a cup and towel vendor. The floor covering was a Persian blue carpet with a gold modern pattern. The combines had 48 blue leather bucket seats. The flooring was a blue-and-cream diagonal checkerboard linoleum tile. This same flooring was installed in the vestibules and lavatories as well as on the observation platform. The diner accompanied the early-morning trip to Atlantic City and the evening return to Jersey City and could accommodate 36 patrons. Porters in blue uniforms served savory dishes and homemade goodies. Apparently the fresh apple pie with a slice of sharp cheddar cheese was a popular offering. The tables were set with the finest embroidered blue tablecloths with the train's logo, special china and flatware, and a silver base lamp with parchment shade. The lampshades had an astral pattern of comets and stars, and tinted lightbulbs were employed to cast a soft blue glow.

Locomotive

Rolling stock

As passenger traffic diminished, the G3s engines were withdrawn from Blue Comet service and other locomotives pulled the train. Frequently, one would find camelback locomotive 592 at the point,^[14] or other Pacifics. Pacific 820 was on the point for the only derailment of the Blue Comet on August 19, 1939.

Crew

Disposition

All of the G3s Pacific 4-6-2 locomotives were scrapped by Luria Brothers sometime around 1954-55.

Coach "Winnecke", 1176, was scrapped in Red Bank during the 1980s. In its last years, it had been used as a locker room. Various pieces of Winnecke were salvaged and eventually donated by the United Railroad Historical Society of New Jersey to the Black River & Western Railroad's restoration of CNJ coach 1009.

CNJ camelback locomotive #592 is preserved in the roundhouse at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum in Maryland.^[14]

In Tuckahoe, New Jersey the Tri-State Railway Historical Society, Inc., has former Blue Comet observation car "Tempel" (later known as CNJ car #1169) parked awaiting restoration.^[15] The historical society would like to restore the car and use it in passenger service along the Cape May Seashore Lines.^[16]

The United Railroad Historical Society of New Jersey currently owns three cars, DeVico, Westphal, and D'Arrest.

The "De Vico" (later known as CNJ #1178) observation car was in use by New Jersey Transit as an inspection car from 1982 until 1993.^[18]

The car, renumbered NJT-1, was donated in 2003 to the United Railroad Historical Society of New Jersey (URHS), an organization that plans to restore the car. It currently is located in Boonton, NJ and has been recently painted in Blue Comet livery.^[19]

The "Westphal" (later known as CNJ #1172) and "D'Arrest" (later known as CNJ #1173).^[19] were stored for a long time at Winslow Junction, NJ awaiting plans for restoration. In March 2017, enough funds were secured to move them to Boonton, and Westphal was moved by truck from Winslow Junction to Boonton, followed by D'Arrest a few months later.^[20] In September of that year, both cars arrived in Boonton and were coupled up to the DeVico with plans for further restoration to return them to Blue Comet livery and be operated on excursions.^[21]

The combine "Halley" #300 was reconfigured, repainted and used in service on the Santa Fe Southern Railway. "Halley", a smoker/combine, has been modified a bit with the removal of the vestibules, and the baggage area window has been blanked out.

The dining car "Giaccobini" was too badly damaged in the 1939 wreck. It was never returned to service and spent the rest of its days as a freight office. It was eventually scrapped.

In 2010 a "Jersey Coast" commuter club car, formerly used along the North Jersey Coast Line (but not in Blue Comet service), was rebuilt to appear like a Blue Comet observation car by the Whippany Railway Museum in Whippany, New Jersey.^[22]

Legacy

References

1. ^When the Blue Comet started service in 1929 the Atlantic City Railroad was wholly owned by the Reading Railroad. By 1933 the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines were jointly owned by the Reading Company and the Pennsylvania Railroad.
2. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |title=New De Luxe Train Viewed |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/02/15/95880055.pdf |work=The New York Times |date=Feb 15, 1929 | page= |accessdate=2011-02-25}}
3. ^{{cite web|last=Wilk|first=Tom|author2=Waltzer, Jim|url=http://www.atlanticcityweekly.com/arts-and-entertainment/boardwalk-empire/Memories-of-the-Blue-Comet-Keep-Chugging-111124714.html|title=Blue Comet Memories Keep Chugging – Boardwalk Empire Notes|work=Atlantic City Weekly|date=December 1, 2010|accessdate=2010-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110093145/http://www.atlanticcityweekly.com/arts-and-entertainment/boardwalk-empire/Memories-of-the-Blue-Comet-Keep-Chugging-111124714.html#|archive-date=2011-01-10|dead-url=yes|df=}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Wentzel|first=Don|title=Winslow Junction Revisited|url=http://www.njpinelandsanddownjersey.com/open/index.php?module=documents&JAS_DocumentManager_op=downloadFile&JAS_File_id=37|work=South Jersey Magazine|date=Spring 1994|journal=|access-date=2010-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714185543/http://www.njpinelandsanddownjersey.com/open/index.php?module=documents&JAS_DocumentManager_op=downloadFile&JAS_File_id=37#|archive-date=2011-07-14|dead-url=yes|df=}}
5. ^Official Guide of the Railways, August 1936, Table 3
6. ^{{Cite news |title=Fire in Dining Car |newspaper=Red Bank Register |date=December 26, 1935}}
7. ^{{cite web|last=Bradley|first=Stephen|author2=Bradley, Jennifer|title=Blue Comet|url=http://octrainguy.com/bluecomet.html|accessdate=2010-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804080823/http://octrainguy.com/bluecomet.html#|archive-date=2010-08-04|dead-url=yes|df=}}
8. ^{{cite web|last=Jerseyman|url=http://www.njpinebarrens.com/2007/11/21/the-travail-of-the-blue-comet/|title=The Travail of the Blue Comet|publisher=Ben Ruset & NJPineBarrens.com|date=November 21, 2007|accessdate=2011-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017211622/http://www.njpinebarrens.com/2007/11/21/the-travail-of-the-blue-comet/#|archive-date=2011-10-17|dead-url=yes|df=}}
9. ^{{cite news|last=Whiten|first=Jon|url=http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2011/08/19/today-in-history-train-bound-for-jersey-city-crashes-in-the-pine-barrens/|title=Today in History: Train Bound for Jersey City Crashes in the Pine Barrens|work=Jersey City Independent|date=August 19, 2011|accessdate=2011-10-21}}
10. ^{{Cite news |title=Killed When Blue Comet Hits Truck |newspaper=Red Bank Register |date=January 16, 1936}}
11. ^{{Cite news |title=Trailer-Truck Hit By Train; Driver Escapes |newspaper=Red Bank Register |date=January 16, 1936}}
12. ^{{Cite news |title=Express kills Elm mother, two children |newspaper=Hammonton News |location=Hammonton N.J |date=September 12, 1941}}
13. ^{{cite web|first=Joseph M.|last=Laufer|url=http://geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/6745/Bluecomet.htm |title=BLUE COMET, "THE SEASHORE’S FINEST TRAIN"|accessdate=2010-12-27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091029033919/http://geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/6745/Bluecomet.htm |archivedate = 2009-10-29}}
14. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://octrainguy.com/Balt1.html|last=Bradley|first=Stephen|author2=Bradley, Jennifer|title=Baltimore & Ohio Museum|accessdate=2010-12-27|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404221901/http://octrainguy.com/Balt1.html|archivedate=2011-04-04|df=}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://tristaterail.org/tempel.html|title=Tempel|accessdate=2010-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728130441/http://tristaterail.org/tempel.html#|archive-date=2011-07-28|dead-url=yes|df=}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://octrainguy.com/CMSL.html |last=Bradley |first=Stephen |author2=Bradley, Jennifer |title=Cape May Seashore Lines |accessdate=2010-12-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406161611/http://octrainguy.com/CMSL.html |archivedate=2011-04-06 |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.clintonstationdiner.com/|title=Clinton Station Diner|accessdate=2010-12-28}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://jcrhs.org/cnj.html|title=The Central Railroad of New Jersey|last=Corso|first=Joseph|date=December 2001|accessdate=2010-12-28}}
19. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://urhs.org/urhs-equipment-roster/#cnj1178|title=URHS of NJ Equipment Roster|accessdate=2017-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016151219/http://urhs.org/urhs-equipment-roster/#cnj1178#cnj1178|archive-date=2017-10-16|dead-url=yes|df=}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://urhs.org/the-blue-comet-westphal-and-darrest-on-the-move/|title=The Blue Comet Westphal and D'Arrest on the Move|accessdate=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006234131/https://urhs.org/the-blue-comet-westphal-and-darrest-on-the-move/|archive-date=2017-10-06|dead-url=yes|df=}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://urhs.org/the-blue-comet-three-car-set-now-in-boonton/|title=The Blue Comet Three Car Set Now in Boonton|accessdate=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006213903/http://urhs.org/the-blue-comet-three-car-set-now-in-boonton/|archive-date=2017-10-06|dead-url=yes|df=}}
22. ^{{cite web|last=Tupaczewski|first=Paul R.|url=http://www.whippanyrailwaymuseum.net/eq_jerseycoast.html|title=The Jersey Coast|accessdate=2010-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426172349/http://www.whippanyrailwaymuseum.net/eq_jerseycoast.html#|archive-date=2009-04-26|dead-url=yes|df=}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lionel.com/Products/Finder/ProductDetail.cfm?ProductNumber=6-21787&expandBranch=0&Keywords=Blue%20Comet&CategoryID=0&RailLineID=&CatalogId=|title=Lionel Train Sets & Products: Operating Cars, Passenger Cars & Accessories: Blue Comet Passenger set (LOCO #831)|publisher=Lionel, LLC|accessdate=2010-12-27}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/archive/200701A48.html|title=Roadshow Archive : Lionel Blue Comet Train, ca. 1935|accessdate=2010-12-28}}
25. ^{{IMDb title|0995838|The Blue Comet}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.octrainguy.com/nylb.html|title=New York & Long Branch|accessdate=2011-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208094330/http://octrainguy.com/nylb.html#|archive-date=2012-02-08|dead-url=yes|df=}}
27. ^http://www.rivarossi-memory.it/Grandi_Treni/The_Blue_Comet.htm
28. ^http://www.rivarossi-memory.it/Riva_Loco_Americane/Riva_Pacific.htm#Locomotiva_a_Vapore_4-6-2_Heavy_Pacific_-_Blue_Comet__Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey__
29. ^{{IMDb title|1139113|The Little Rascals' Christmas Special (TV 1979)}}
30. ^{{IMDb title|1537450|De Luxe: The Tale of the Blue Comet (2009)}}
31. ^{{cite news|last=Barna|first=John|url=http://www.nj.com/camden/index.ssf/2011/02/the_tale_of_the_blue_comet_rai.html|title=The tale of the 'Blue Comet' rail line to be explored at Camden County College event|date=February 26, 2011|work=Gloucester County Times|accessdate=2011-10-21}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bluecometmc.com/history.htm|title=The History of BCMC|publisher=Blue Comet M.C.|accessdate=2011-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205020431/http://www.bluecometmc.com/history.htm#|archive-date=2011-12-05|dead-url=yes|df=}}