词条 | Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant | ||||||||
释义 |
The Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (BGCAPP) is a chemical weapons destruction facility undergoing systemization, or testing. The plant will destroy the chemical weapons stockpile at the Blue Grass Army Depot (BGAD), near Richmond, Kentucky. The plant is dedicated to the destruction of {{convert|523|ST}} of nerve agents sarin (GB) and VX, and mustard agent, which constitute about two percent of the United States chemical weapons stockpile.[1] Since 1944, the U.S. Army has stored approximately two percent of its original chemical weapons stockpile at BGAD. Destruction of this stockpile is a requirement of the Chemical Weapons Convention, an international treaty to which the United States is a party. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons is the implementing body of the Chemical Weapons Convention and monitors the progress of the nation's chemical weapons destruction programs. The Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA) oversees the destruction of the Blue Grass chemical weapons stockpile. Planning and organizationA systems contract was awarded in June 2003 to a joint venture team composed of Bechtel National, Inc., and Parsons Infrastructure and Technology Group, Inc. The Bechtel Parsons Blue Grass team is contracted to develop a design-build plan and then design, construct, systemize, pilot test, operate and close the BGCAPP. In March 2005 the design-build-operate-close schedule was extended to make the program more affordable on an annual basis. Site preparation work and the construction of support buildings continued and final designs for the remaining BGCAPP facilities were completed in 2010. After systemization of the facility, destruction operations are expected to begin in 2019 and to be complete by 2023.[2] The plant will operate until all the chemical weapons have been destroyed. Closure activities (shut-down, dismantling, and restoration of site) are slated to be wrapped up by 2026. This schedule exceeds the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Legislation enacted by the U.S. Congress in 2007 (Public Laws 110-116 and 110-181) mandates the destruction of the remaining U.S. national chemical stockpile in accordance with the April 2012 date, but in no circumstances later than Dec. 31, 2017.[3] This deadline was subsequently extended to Dec. 31, 2023, by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 (Public Law 114-92). History of chemical demilitarization in Kentucky
TechnologyThe Department of Defense conducted studies[25] to evaluate potential impacts of the elimination of these weapons using incineration and non-incineration methods for the plant. Four technologies were considered:
The Department of Defense selected neutralization followed by SCWO for use at the depot. The method comprises the following steps:
Explosive Destruction Technology (EDT)After an X-ray assessment of the mustard munitions stockpile showed that the agent had significantly solidified in the rounds[12]—making removal of mustard agent from projectiles difficult using neutralization and SCWO—ACWA decided to explore use of Explosive Destruction Technology (aka Explosive Demolition Technology, Explosive Detonation Technology, EDT) for these projectiles. EDT uses heat/pressure from explosion or just heat to destroy the munitions; it is not considered incineration and does not require disassembly of the weapons.[14] There are three general types of technologies that can destroy chemical weapons:
Bechtel Parsons Blue Grass received approval from PEO ACWA to begin initial work on an Explosive Destruction Technology system at the Blue Grass plant. Following a competitive procurement process, Bechtel Parsons selected the Static Detonation Chamber.[28] In June 2015, the SDC completed Factory Acceptance Testing at the Dynasafe workshop in Kristinehamn, Sweden. The SDC was assembled and installed in 2016.[29] In May 2018, EDT technicians brought the air filtration system online for the first time[30]. In July 2018, construction substantially completed and testing began on EDT plant equipment in remote operations mode.[31] In February 2019, a total of 24 B586 conventional munitions were processed in the Static Detonation Chamber as part of systemization activities.[32] Public outreachThe Blue Grass Chemical Stockpile Outreach Office was established to serve as the community's primary information resource on chemical weapons destruction in Kentucky.[33] The office responds to inquiries, provides information materials and coordinates guest speakers for a variety of different civic groups and organizations and interfaces with the governor-appointed Kentucky Chemical Demilitarization Citizens' Advisory Commission and its Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board.[34] References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://waste.ky.gov/HWB/Pages/BluegrassArmyDepotSection.aspx|title=Division of Waste Management: Blue Grass Army Depot|last=Department of Environmental Protection|first=|date=2016|website=waste.ky.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/frequently-asked-questions/|title=Frequently Asked Questions|last=Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives|first=|date=|website=peoacwa.army.mil|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-114JPRT97637/pdf/CPRT-114JPRT97637.pdf|title=National Defense Authorization At for Fiscal Year 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=gpo.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 3, 2017}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://uscode.house.gov/statutes/pl/99/145.pdf|title=Public Law 99-145|last=|first=|date=|website=uscode.house.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 3, 2017}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/about-peo-acwa/program-timeline/|title=Program Timeline|last=Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives|first=|date=|website=peoacwa.army.mil|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/107/plaws/publ248/PLAW-107publ248.pdf|title=Public Law 107-248|last=|first=|date=October 23, 2002|website=www.congress.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 3, 2017}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/110/plaws/publ116/PLAW-110publ116.pdf|title=Public Law 110-116|last=|first=|date=|website=www.congress.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 3, 2017}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/110/plaws/publ181/PLAW-110publ181.pdf|title=Public Law 110-181|last=|first=|date=|website=www.congress.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 3, 2017}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.richmondregister.com/news/local_news/design-of-chemical-weapons-destruction-facility-concludes/article_8606bb6f-ee79-598a-ab33-53881e2d9a66.html|title=Design of chemical weapons destruction facility concludes|date=August 2, 2010|work=Richmond Register|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.kentucky.com/news/local/counties/madison-county/article44098902.html|title=First building operational at Richmond's chemical agent destruction plant|last=Clemons|first=Becca|date=May 31, 2011|work=Lexington Herald-Leader|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/wp-content/uploads/X-ray_assessment_report_Final.pdf|title=U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency: Project Manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel: X-Ray Assessment of 155mm Mustard Projectiles Stored at Blue Grass Army Chemical Activity, Richmond, Kentucky|last=U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency|first=|date=|website=peoacwa.army.mil|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 12. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/12482/chapter/1|title=Front Matter {{!}} Assessment of Explosive Destruction Technologies for Specific Munitions at the Blue Grass and Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plants {{!}} The National Academies Press|language=en|doi=10.17226/12482}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2016/11/19/facts-static-detonation-chamber-sdc/|title=Facts: Static Detonation Chamber (SDC) {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 14. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/tag/bgcapp-explosive-destruction-technology/|title=BGCAPP Explosive Destruction Technology {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 15. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2016/11/26/facts-blue-grass-specific-equipment/|title=Facts: Blue Grass-Specific Equipment {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-26}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2017/10/26/experts-renew-efforts-at-blue-grass-mustard-destruction-project/|title=Experts Renew Efforts at Blue Grass Mustard Destruction Project {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-21}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2017/12/27/state-agency-opens-permit-public-comment-period/|title=State Agency Opens Permit Public Comment Period {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-28}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2018/01/30/team-completes-demonstration-of-key-system/|title=Team Completes Demonstration of Key System {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-28}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2018/02/07/technicians-use-mist-and-light-to-test-filters/|title=Technicians Use Mist and Light to Test Filters {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-28}} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2018/02/21/nitrogen-introduced-into-blue-grass-plant-for-first-time/|title=Nitrogen Introduced into Blue Grass Plant for First Time {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-28}} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2018/03/29/experts-21-systems-turned-over-to-operations/|title=Experts: 21 Systems Turned Over to Operations {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-18}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2018/07/27/more-than-half-of-blue-grass-systems-turned-over-to-operations/|title=More Than Half of Blue Grass Systems Turned Over to Operations|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2018/10/19/protective-masks-issued-ahead-of-plant-operations/|title=Protective Masks Issued Ahead of Plant Operations|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2018/11/27/plant-receives-army-training-rockets/|title=Plant Receives Army Training Rockets|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 25. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11694|title=Letter Report of Review and Assessment of the Proposals for Design and Operation of Designated Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plants (DCAPP-Blue Grass)|last=Council|first=National Research|date=2006-07-12}} 26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2016/11/25/facts-chemical-weapons-destruction-at-blue-grass/|title=Facts: Chemical Weapons Destruction at Blue Grass {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 27. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/pcapp/pcapp-destruction-technologies/explosive-destruction-system/|title=Explosive Destruction System Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/wp-content/uploads/SDC_Fact_Sheet.pdf|title=How the Static Detonation Chamber Will Augment the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant|last=Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives|first=|date=2013|website=peoacwa.army.mil|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12971/review-of-the-design-of-the-dynasafe-static-detonation-chamber-sdc-system-for-the-anniston-chemical-agent-disposal-facility|title=Review of the Design of the Dynasafe Static Detonation Chamber (SDC) System for the Anniston Chemical Agent Disposal Facility|last=The National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine|first=|date=2010|website=nap.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 30. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2018/05/16/technicians-start-air-filtration-system-for-first-time/|title=Technicians Start Air Filtration System for First Time {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-18}} 31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2018/08/03/bgcapp-monthly-recap-july-2018/|title=BGCAPP Monthly Recap – July 2018 {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|website=www.peoacwa.army.mil|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-19}} 32. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2019/02/27/crew-tests-equipment-procedures-with-conventional-munitions/|title=Crew Tests Equipment Procedures with Conventional Munitions|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 33. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2016/11/27/facts-blue-grass-chemical-stockpile-outreach-office/|title=Facts: Blue Grass Chemical Stockpile Outreach Office {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}} 34. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2016/11/21/facts-kentucky-chemical-demilitarization-citizens-advisory-commission-and-chemical-destruction-community-advisory-board/|title=Facts: Kentucky Chemical Demilitarization Citizens' Advisory Commission and Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board {{!}} Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 3, 2017}}
External links
4 : Buildings and structures in Madison County, Kentucky|United States chemical weapons depots|United States Army arsenals|Military installations in Kentucky |
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