| 词条 | Blue toe syndrome |
| 释义 |
| name = | synonym = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | pronounce = | specialty = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Blue toe syndrome is a situation that may reflect atherothrombotic microembolism, causing transient focal ischaemia, occasionally with minor apparent tissue loss, but without diffuse forefoot ischemia.[1] The development of blue or violaceous toes can also occur with trauma, cold-induced injury, disorders producing generalized cyanosis, decreased arterial flow, impaired venous outflow, and abnormal circulating blood.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The terms "blue toe syndrome", "grey toe syndrome" and "purple toe syndrome" are sometimes used interchangeably.[10] Studies may include echocardiography, thoracic and abdominal CT or MRI,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] peripheral arterial run off imaging studies,[19] hypercoagulopathy labs,[20] and interrogation of syndromes that lead to peripheral vascular pathology.[21] See also
References1. ^'Standards for vascular reporting' 2. ^Blue toe syndrome: treatment with intra-arterial stents and review of therapies.Matchett WJ, McFarland DR, Eidt JF, Moursi MM.J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000 May;11(5):585-92.{{PMID|10834489}} 3. ^Evaluation and management of cholesterol embolization and the blue toe syndrome.Applebaum RM, Kronzon I.Curr Opin Cardiol. 1996 Sep;11(5):533-42. Review.{{PMID|8889381}} 4. ^[Cholesterol (cholestelin) embolization syndrome--blue toe syndrome].Ishihara T, Ohkubo T, Nakano T, Ohsawa N.Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu. 1996;(14):469-72. Review. Japanese. No abstract available.{{PMID|9047906}} 5. ^Blue toe syndrome from a "coral reef" aorta.Rosenberg GD, Killewich LA.Ann Vasc Surg. 1995 Nov;9(6):561-4. Review.{{PMID|8746834}} 6. ^Femoral artery hypoplasia and persistent sciatic artery with blue toe syndrome: a case report, histologic analysis and review of the literature.Sottiurai VS, Omlie W.Int Angiol. 1994 Jun;13(2):154-9. Review.{{PMID|7963875}} 7. ^Blue toe syndrome. Causes and management.O'Keeffe ST, Woods BO, Breslin DJ, Tsapatsaris NP.Arch Intern Med. 1992 Nov;152(11):2197-202. Review.{{PMID|1444678}} 8. ^Ann Dermatol. 2016 Jun;28(3):400-1. doi: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.3.400. Epub 2016 May 25.Blue Toe Syndrome as an Early Sign of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.Choi KH1, Yoo J1, Huh JW1, Jeong YI1, Kim MS1, Jue MS1, Park HJ1.{{PMID|27274647}} 9. ^J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Jan;60(1):1-20; quiz 21-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038.Blue (or purple) toe syndrome.Hirschmann JV1, Raugi GJ. 10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirschmann JV, Raugi GJ |title=Blue (or purple) toe syndrome |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=1–20; quiz 21–2 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19103358 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.038 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0190-9622(08)01218-8}} 11. ^Geriatrics. 1994 Dec;49(12):37-9, 43-5.Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'.Blackshear JL1, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD. 12. ^The Coral Reef Aorta: Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT.Kopani K, Liao S, Shaffer K.Radiol Case Rep. 2009; 4(1):209. Epub 2016 Oct 4. 13. ^Coral reef aorta, emergency surgical: case report and literature review.Belczak SQ, Sincos IR, Aun R, Costa KV, Araujo EA.Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2014 Apr; 12(2):237-41. 14. ^Coral reef aorta: a long-term study of 21 patients.Schulte KM, Reiher L, Grabitz L, Sandmann W.Ann Vasc Surg. 2000 Nov; 14(6):626-33. 15. ^The Coral Reef Aorta: Diagnosis and Treatment Following CT.Radiol Case Rep. 2016 Oct 4;4(1):209. eCollection 2009. 16. ^Coral reef aorta: case report and review of the literature.Policha A, Moudgill N, Eisenberg J, Rao A, DiMuzio P.Vascular. 2013 Aug;21(4):251-9. Review.{{PMID|23518854}} 17. ^"Coral reef" atherosclerosis of the suprarenal aorta: a unique clinical entity.Qvarfordt PG, Reilly LM, Sedwitz MM, Ehrenfeld WK, Stoney RJ.J Vasc Surg. 1984 Nov;1(6):903-9.{{PMID|6492313}} 18. ^The coral reef aorta - a single centre experience in 70 patients.Grotemeyer D, Pourhassan S, Rehbein H, Voiculescu A, Reinecke P, Sandmann W.Int J Angiol. 2007 Fall;16(3):98-105.{{PMID|22477301}} 19. ^Geriatrics. 1994 Dec;49(12):37-9, 43-5.Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'.Blackshear JL1, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD. 20. ^Geriatrics. 1994 Dec;49(12):37-9, 43-5.Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'.Blackshear JL1, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD. 21. ^Geriatrics. 1994 Dec;49(12):37-9, 43-5.Making the diagnosis when the patient has 'blue toes'.Blackshear JL1, Oldenburg WA, Cohen MD. External links
3 : Foot diseases|Ischemia|Syndromes affecting the cardiovascular system |
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