| 词条 | Haunted house |
| 释义 |
In ghostlore, a haunted house or ghosthouse is a house or other building often perceived as being inhabited by disembodied spirits of the deceased who may have been former residents or were familiar with the property. Parapsychologists attribute haunting to the spirits of the dead and the effect of violent or tragic events in the building's past such as murder, accidental death, or suicide.[1] More scientific explanations for the perception that a house is haunted include misinterpreting noises naturally present in structures, waking dreams, suggestibility, and the effect of toxic substances in environments that can cause hallucinations. In a 2005, Gallup poll, 37 percent of Americans, 28 percent of Canadians, and 40 percent of Britons expressed the belief that houses could be "haunted".[2][3] Possible causesAccording to science writer Terence Hines, cold spots, creaking sounds, and odd noises are typically present in any home, especially older ones, and "such noises can easily be mistaken for the sound of footsteps by those inclined to imagine the presence of a deceased tenant in their home."[4] David Turner, a retired chemist, suggested that ball lightning could cause inanimate objects to move erratically.[5] Skeptical investigator Joe Nickell writes that in most cases he investigated, he found plausible explanations for haunting phenomena, such as physical illusions, waking dreams, and the effects of memory. According to Nickell, the power of suggestion along with confirmation bias plays a large role in perceived hauntings. He states that as a house, inn, or other place becomes thought of as haunted, more and more ghostly encounters are reported and that when people are given to expect paranormal events, they tend to notice those conditions that would confirm their expectations.[6] Toxicologist Albert Donnay believes that chronic exposure to substances such as carbon monoxide, pesticide, and formaldehyde can lead to hallucinations of the type associated with haunted houses. Donnay speculates on the connection between the prevalence of gas lamps during the Victorian era and start of the 20th century stories of ghost sightings and hauntings, describing it as the "Haunted House Syndrome".[7] Donnay says that carbon monoxide poisoning has been linked to haunted houses since at least the 1920s, citing a 1921 journal article published about a family who suffered headaches, auditory hallucinations, fatigue, melancholy, and other symptoms associated with haunted houses.[8] Michael Persinger, Jason Braithewaite, and others, suggested that perceived apparitions, cold spots, and ghostly touches are perceptual anomalies caused by variations in naturally occurring or man-made magnetic fields.[9][10] However, a study by psychologist Chris French and others that attempted to replicate Persinger's findings found no link.[11][12]Psychology Professor Frank McAndrew (Francis T. McAndrew) explains what environmental psychologists call "legibility - the ease with which a place can be recognized, organized into a pattern and recalled" and how a typical haunted house may have a confusing layout and be quite the opposite of legibility.[13] Commercial haunted houses{{further|Haunted attraction (simulated)}}The concept of the haunted house was capitalized on as early as 1915 with the Orton and Spooner Haunted House in Hollycombe Steam Collection (England),[14] and by the 1970s, commercial haunted houses had sprung up all over the United States in cities like Louisville, Kentucky and Cincinnati, Ohio.[15] By 2005, an estimated 3,500 to 5,000 professional haunted attractions operated in the United States.[16] In addition, around the time of Hallowtide, many Christian churches run a type of haunted house known as a hell house, which while being a haunted house, also promotes their interpretation of the Christian gospel message. According to USA Today, in hell houses, "participants walk through several 'scenes' depicting the consequences of things like abortion, homosexuality and drunkenness."[17] Legal aspectsIn the case Stambovsky v. Ackley, the Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division ruled in 1991 that a seller must disclose that a house has a reputation for being haunted when there is a fiduciary relationship or in cases of fraud or misrepresentation,[18] because such a reputation impairs the value of the house: {{quote|In the case at bar, defendant seller deliberately fostered the public belief that her home was possessed. Having undertaken to inform the public at large, to whom she has no legal relationship, about the supernatural occurrences on her property, she may be said to owe no less a duty to her contract vendee.[19]}}Short stories and novelsLegends about haunted houses have long appeared in literature. The earliest surviving report of a haunted house comes from a letter written by Pliny the Younger (61 – c. 112) to his patron Lucias Sura, in which he describes a haunted villa in Athens.{{sfnp|Fielding|O'Keeffe|2011|loc=An Introduction to Haunting Phenomena}} Nobody would live in the house until the philosopher Athenodorus (c.74 BCE – 7 CE) arrived in the city. He was tempted by the low rent and undeterred by the house's reputation so he moved in. The ghost, an old man bound with chains, appeared to Athenodrus during the first night, and beckoned to the philosopher. The apparition vanished once it reached the courtyard, and Athenodrus carefully marked the spot. The following morning he requested the magistrate to have the spot dug up, where the skeleton of an old man bound with chains was discovered. The ghost never appeared again after the skeleton was given a proper burial.[20]Stories of haunted houses are also included in the Arabian Nights, as in the tale of "Ali the Cairene and the Haunted House in Baghdad";[21] more modern authors from Henry James to Stephen King have also featured them in their writings. Haunting is used as a plot device in gothic or horror fiction or, more lately, paranormal fiction; haunted castles and mansions are common in gothic literature. Notable works of fiction featuring haunted houses include:
See also{{category see also|paranormal places}}{{Category see also|Haunted house films}}
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite book |last=Watts |first=Linda S. |title=Encyclopedia of American Folklore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dce6_CA76MC&pg=PA192 |accessdate=10 May 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2979-2 |pages=192–}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/19558/Paranormal-Beliefs-Come-SuperNaturally-Some.aspx |title=Paranormal Beliefs Come (Super)Naturally to Some |last=Lyons |first=Linda |date=1 November 2005 |work=Gallup Poll |publisher=Gallup |accessdate=14 February 2010}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/16915/Three-Four-Americans-Believe-Paranormal.aspx |title=Three in Four Americans Believe in Paranormal |last=Moore |first=David W. |date=16 June 2005 |work=Gallup Poll |publisher=Gallup |accessdate=14 February 2010}} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Hines |first=Terence |title=Pseudoscience and the paranormal: a critical examination of the evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bP1-AAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-0-87975-419-8}} 5. ^{{cite web| last=Muir |first=Hazel |title=Ball lightning scientists remain in the dark |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1720 |publisher=New Scientist |date=2001-12-20 |accessdate=2011-01-15}} 6. ^{{cite web|last=Nickell|first=Joe|authorlink=Joe Nickell|title=Catching Ghosts|url=http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/catching_ghosts/|work=June 2008|publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry|accessdate=10 May 2012}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=McKay Jenkins|title=What's Gotten Into Us?: Staying Healthy in a Toxic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6puJRhCU7rAC&pg=PA61|accessdate=10 May 2012|date=19 April 2011|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4000-6803-6|pages=61–}} 8. ^{{cite web|last=Glass|authorlink=Ira Glass|first=Ira|title=And the Call Was Coming from the Basement|url=http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/319/and-the-call-was-coming-from-the-basement|work=This American Life|publisher=Public Radio International}} 9. ^Michael A. Persinger & Stanley A. Koren, "Predicting the Characteristics of Haunt Phenomena from Geomagnetic Factors and Brain Sensitivity: Evidence from Field and Experimental Studies", in Hauntings and Poltergeists: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. By James Houran & Rense Lange (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2001) 10. ^{{cite journal|authors=Jason J. Braithwaite & Maurice Townsend|title=Sleeping with the Entity – A Quantitative Magnetic Investigation of an English Castle's Reputedly 'Haunted' Bedroom| work=European Journal of Parapsychology |volume=20.1|year=2005}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last=French|first=CC|author2=Haque, U |author3=Bunton-Stasyshyn, R |author4=Davis, R |title=The "Haunt" project: an attempt to build a "haunted" room by manipulating complex electromagnetic fields and infrasound.|journal=Cortex|date=May 2009|volume=45|issue=5|pages=619–29|pmid=18635163|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2007.10.011}} 12. ^{{cite news|last=Keim|first=Brandon|title=Scientifically Haunted House Suggests You're a Sucker|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/10/scientifically-haunted-house|publisher=Wired|accessdate=11 May 2012|date=30 October 2009}} 13. ^{{cite web |last1=McAndrew |first1=Frank T.|authorlink=Francis T. McAndrew |title=The Winchester Mystery House and Other Haunted Places |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/out-the-ooze/201801/the-winchester-mystery-house-and-other-haunted-places |website=Psychology Today |publisher=Sussex Publishers,LLC |accessdate=16 November 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.steamfairground.co.uk/l3_haunted_house.html |title=Haunted House (1915) |publisher=Hollycombe Working Steam Museum |accessdate=29 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425200741/http://www.steamfairground.co.uk/l3_haunted_house.html |archivedate=April 25, 2011 }} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Vintage - The HOUSEOFDOOM|url=http://www.houseofdoom.net/vintage|work=Vintage|publisher=Vintage|accessdate= November 1, 2011}} 16. ^{{cite web |last=The Associated Press |title=Haunted house business getting frightfully hard. 'Scaring people is easy,' but making money at it a lot harder |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9855272/ns/business-small_business/t/haunted-house-business-getting-frightfully-hard/#.UBfjLkQZFGE |work=10/30/2005 |publisher=msnbc.msn.com |accessdate=31 July 2012}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-10-26-hell-house_N.htm|title=Some Christians use 'Hell Houses' to reach out on Halloween - USATODAY.com|work=usatoday.com}} 18. ^{{cite web |last=Knauf |first=Allan |title=After New York's Property Condition Disclosure Act |url=http://www.nyenvlaw.com/Caveat_Emptor.htm |accessdate=15 February 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125183626/http://www.nyenvlaw.com/Caveat_Emptor.htm |archivedate=26 November 2006}} 19. ^Stambovsky v. Ackley, 169 A.D.2d 254, 260, 572 N.Y.S.2d 672, N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept., 1991. 20. ^{{cite book |author=Pliny the Younger |title=Letters, by Pliny the Younger; translated by William Melmoth; revised by F. C. T. Bosanquet. |editor=Charles W. Eliot |publisher=P. F. Collier & Son |date=1909–14 |series=The Harvard Classics |volume=9 |chapter=LXXXIII. To Sura |url=http://www.bartleby.com/9/4/1083.html}} 21. ^{{cite book |title=The Arabian Nights and Orientalism: Perspectives from East & West |last=Yuriko Yamanaka |first=Tetsuo Nishio |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=1-85043-768-8 |page=83}} Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links{{Commons category|Haunted houses}}
3 : Ghosts|House types|Reportedly haunted locations |
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