| 词条 | Brazilian ironclad Rio de Janeiro | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Brazilian ironclad Rio de Janeiro was an armored gunboat ({{lang-pt|Canhoneira Couraçada}} Nr. 3) built for the Brazilian Navy during the Paraguayan War in the mid-1860s. Like the other two gunboats she was built in Brazil and was designed as a casemate ironclad. Commissioned in April 1866, the ship did not enter combat until September, when she bombarded Paraguayan fortifications at Curuzu. Rio de Janeiro hit two mines on 2 September and rapidly sank, taking 53 of her crew with her. Design and descriptionRio de Janeiro was designed to meet the need of the Brazilian Navy for a small, simple, shallow-draft armored gunboat capable of withstanding heavy fire. A casemate ironclad design was chosen for ease of construction and a bronze ram, {{convert|1.8|m|ftin|sp=us}} long, was fitted. The hull was sheathed with Muntz metal to reduce biofouling. For sea passages the ship's freeboard could be increased to {{convert|1.7|m|ftin|sp=us}} by use of removable bulwarks {{convert|1.1|m|ftin|sp=us}} high. On riverine operations, the bulwarks and the ship's masts, were usually removed.[1]The ship measured {{convert|56.69|m|ftin|sp=us}} long overall, with a beam of {{convert|9.19|m|ftin|sp=us}} and had a mean draft of {{convert|2.62|m|ftin|sp=us}}. Rio de Janeiro normally displaced {{convert|871|t|LT|sp=us}} and {{convert|1001|t|LT|sp=us}} at deep load. Her crew numbered 148 officers and men.[1] PropulsionRio de Janeiro had a single John Penn & Sons 2-cylinder steam engine driving a single 2-bladed propeller. Her engine was powered by two tubular boilers. The engine produced a total of {{convert|420|ihp|lk=in}} which gave the ship a maximum speed of {{convert|9|kn|lk=in}}. The ship's funnel was mounted directly in front of her casemate. Rio de Janeiro carried enough coal for six days' steaming.[1]ArmamentRio de Janeiro mounted two 70-pounder Whitworth rifled muzzle loaders and two 68-pounder smoothbore guns in her casemate.[1] To minimize the possibility of shells or splinters entering the casemate through the gunports they were as small as possible, allowing only a 24°-arc of fire for each gun. The rectangular, {{convert|9.8|m|ftin|adj=on|sp=us}} casemate had two gun ports on each side as well as the front and rear.[2]The 70-pounder gun weighed {{convert|8582|lb|kg|1}} and fired a {{convert|5.5|in|mm|sing=on|sigfig=3}} shell that weighed {{convert|81|lb|kg|1}}.[3] The gun had a maximum range of {{convert|5540|m|yd|sp=us}}.[4] The {{convert|7.9|in|mm|sing=on|sigfig=3}} solid shot of the 68-pounder gun weighed approximately {{convert|68|lb|kg|1}} while the gun itself weighed {{convert|10640|lb|kg|1}}. The gun had a range of {{convert|3200|yd}} at an elevation of 12°. All of the guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells.[3][5] ArmorThe hull of Rio de Janeiro was made from three layers of wood, each {{convert|203|mm|in|sp=us|1}} thick.[1] The ship had a complete wrought iron waterline belt, {{convert|1.52|m|ft|sp=us|1}} high. It had a maximum thickness of {{convert|102|mm|in|sp=us|0}} covering the machinery and magazines, {{convert|51|mm|in|sp=us|0}} elsewhere.[1] The curved deck, as well as the roof of the casemate, was armored with {{convert|12.7|mm|in|sp=us|1}} of wrought iron. The casemate was protected by 102 millimeters of armor on all four sides, backed by {{convert|609|mm|in|sp=us|1}} of wood capped with a 102 mm layer of peroba hardwood.[2] ServiceRio de Janeiro was laid down at the Arsenal de Marinha da Côrte in Rio de Janeiro on 28 June 1865, during the Paraguayan War, which saw Argentina and Brazil allied against Paraguay. She was launched on 18 February 1866 and completed on 1 March 1866. Commissioned in April she reached the combat zone on 4 May. The ship reached Corrientes, with the ironclad {{ship|Brazilian ironclad|Lima Barros||2}}, in July 1866. On 1 September Rio de Janeiro bombarded the Paraguayan fortifications at Curuzú in company with the other Brazilian ironclads. A 68-pounder shell entered one of her gunports during the bombardment, killing four men and wounding five. The next day, after her damage was repaired, the ship struck two floating mines ('torpedoes') in the River Paraguay while trying to rendezvous with the other Brazilian ironclads bombarding Curupaity.[6] Rio de Janeiro sank instantly with the loss of 53 of her crew.[7] She remains there, entombed under some {{convert|15|m|ftin|sp=us}} of sand.[6]Footnotes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 Gratz, p. 144 2. ^1 Gratz, p. 147 3. ^1 Holley, p. 34 4. ^Gratz, pp. 153–54 5. ^Lambert, pp. 85–7 6. ^1 Gratz, p. 150. Gratz says the Apa River but this is a mistake since it lay many hundreds of miles north of the combat zone. 7. ^Meister, p. 12 References
External links
7 : Ships built in Brazil|Gunboats of the Brazilian Navy|Ironclad warships of the Brazilian Navy|Maritime incidents in 1866|Ships sunk by mines|1866 ships|Riverine warfare |
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