| 词条 | Breathing performance of regulators |
| 释义 |
A diving regulator is a device that reduces the high pressure in a diving cylinder to the same pressure as the scuba diver's surroundings. The breathing performance of regulators is a factor in choosing a suitable regulator for the type of diving to be undertaken, as it indicates the ability of a regulator to meet the demands placed on it at depth and under high breathing loads. It is desirable that breathing from a regulator requires low effort even when supplying large amounts of air. It is also recommended that it breathe smoothly without any sudden changes in resistance while inhaling or exhaling. Although these factors may be judged subjectively, it is convenient to have a standard by which the many different types and manufactures of regulators may be compared. Various breathing machines have been developed and used for assessment of breathing apparatus performance.[1] Ansti Test Systems developed a turnkey system that measures the inhalation and exhalation effort in using a regulator. Publishing results of the performance of regulators in the ANSTI test machine has resulted in performance improvements.[3] MeasurementANSTI machineThe ANSTI Breathing Simulator is rated to a maximum working pressure of 100 msw. It uses a piston mechanism to provide an accurate and repeatable volume displacement with a sine wave drive mechanism. It has adjustable tidal volume and breathing rate settings which can providing ventilation rates from 10 to 180 litres per minute.[4] EU StandardsIn the European Union the standard EN250:2000 Respiratory equipment. Open-circuit self-contained compressed air diving apparatus. Requirements, testing, marking defines minimum performance standards for "Open-circuit self-contained compressed air diving apparatus".[5] The standard contains limits on inhalation and exhalation pressures and overall work of breathing. It specifies the following, under test conditions of a breathing rate of {{convert|62.5|l|ft3|1}} per minute and an ambient pressure of {{convert|6|bar}}:
Although a regulator meeting the above limits will supply sufficient air where the first stage feeds a single second stage, it is not necessarily capable of supplying sufficient air in all circumstances when a single first stage feeds two second stages simultaneously.[6] Related standardsIn Europe, EN 250: 2014 – Respiratory Equipment – Open Circuit Self - Contained Compressed Air Diving Apparatus – Requirements, Testing and Marking defines the minimum requirements for breathing performance of regulators,[7] and BS 8547:2016 defines requirements for demand regulators to be used at depths exceeding 50m.[8] EN 13949: 2003 – Respiratory Equipment – Open Circuit Self-Contained Diving Apparatus for use with Compressed Nitrox and Oxygen – Requirements, Testing, Marking.[7] defines requirements for regulators to be used with raised levels of oxygen. EN 15333 – 1: 2008 COR 2009 – Respiratory Equipment – Open-Circuit Umbilical Supplied Compressed Gas Diving Apparatus – Part 1: Demand Apparatus. and EN 15333 – 2: 2009 – Respiratory Equipment – Open-Circuit Umbilical Supplied Compressed Gas Diving Apparatus – Part 2: Free Flow Apparatus.[7] I.S. EN 14143: 2013 – Respiratory Equipment – Self-Contained Re-Breathing Diving Apparatus[7] defines minimum requirements for rebreathers. US MilitaryIn the United States Military, the standard for single-hose scuba regulators was MIl-R-24169B, now withdrawn.[12][13][14][1][2] See also{{Portal|Underwater diving}}
References1. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Warkander |first=D. E. |title=Comprehensive Performance Limits for Divers' Underwater Breathing Gear: Consequences of Adopting Diver-Focused Limits. |journal=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-TR-07-02 |year=2007 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4984 |accessdate=2008-06-12 }} [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.document-center.com/standards/show/MIL-R-24169|title=MIL-R-24169 › Regulator, Air Demand, Single Hose, Diver S|last=Staff|date=22 February 1982|publisher=US Department of Defence|accessdate=27 November 2016}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.scubadiving.com/gear/2007/05/the-ansti-machine-evaluating-a-regulators-breathing-characteristics |title=The ANSTI Machine: Evaluating A Regulator's Breathing Characteristics - Scuba Diving Magazine |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209032956/http://www.scubadiving.com/gear/2007/05/the-ansti-machine-evaluating-a-regulators-breathing-characteristics |archivedate=2010-02-09 |df= }} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://unitedsterling.s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/Manufacturers/ANSTI/Life-Support-Test-Facility-LSTF100.pdf|title=Life Support Equipment Test Facility|last=staff|accessdate=18 November 2016}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|last=Committee PH/4/7|first=|title=BS 8547:2016 - Respiratory equipment. Breathing gas demand regulator used for diving to depths greater than 50 metres. Requirements and test methods|url=http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030318438|date=31 March 2016|publisher=British Standards Institute|location=London|isbn=978 0 580 89213 4}} 6. ^1 {{ISBN|0-580-35713-9}} British Standards Institution 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Your_Industry/Diving/Diving_at_Work/Diving_Standards.pdf|title=Diving Breathing Apparatus|last=Staff|date=August 2014|work=Diving Standards|publisher=Health and Safety Authority|accessdate=18 November 2016|location=Dublin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118164116/http://www.hsa.ie/eng/Your_Industry/Diving/Diving_at_Work/Diving_Standards.pdf#|archive-date=2016-11-18|dead-url=yes|df=}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Middleton |first=JR |title=Evaluation of Commercially Available Open Circuit Scuba Regulators. |journal=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-2-80 |year=1980 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3375 |accessdate=2008-06-12 }} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Morson |first=P. D. |title=Evaluation of Commercially Available Open Circuit Scuba Regulators. |journal=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-8-87 |year=1987 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4259 |accessdate=2008-06-12 }} 10. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Reimers |first=S. D. |title=Performance Characteristics and Basic Design Features of a Breathing Machine for Use to Depths of up to 3000 Feet of Sea Water. |journal=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-20-73 |year=1973 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4100 |accessdate=2008-06-12 }} 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr341.pdf |title=HSE publishes research on performance of 'octopus' regulators for scuba diving |work=Research Report 341 |first1= T G |last1=Anthony |first2= A. S. |last2=Fisher |first3=R. J. |last3=Gould |publisher=HMSO |location=Norwich, UK |isbn=0 7176 6101 6 |accessdate=18 November 2016}} 12. ^{{cite journal |last=Warkander |first=D. E. |title=Comprehensive Performance Limits for Divers' Underwater Breathing Gear: Consequences of Adopting Diver-Focused Limits. |journal=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report |volume=NEDU-TR-07-02 |year=2007 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4984 |accessdate=2008-06-12 }} }}{{Underwater breathing apparatus}}{{Science of underwater diving}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Breathing Performance Of Regulators}} 1 : Underwater breathing apparatus |
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