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词条 Heat burst
释义

  1. Characteristics

  2. Causes

  3. Forecasting

  4. Documented cases

     Extreme cases 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{distinguish|Heat wave}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}{{Weather}}

In meteorology, a heat burst is a rare atmospheric phenomenon characterized by gusty winds along with a rapid increase in temperature and decrease in dew point (moisture). Heat bursts typically occur during night-time and are associated with decaying thunderstorms.[1]

Although this phenomenon is not fully understood, it is theorized that the event is caused when rain evaporates (virga) into a parcel of cold, dry air high in the atmosphere- making the air denser than its surroundings.[2] The parcel descends rapidly, warming due to compression, overshoots its equilibrium level and reaches the surface, similar to a downburst.[3]

Recorded temperatures during heat bursts have reached well above {{convert|40|°C|°F|0|lk=on}}, sometimes rising by {{convert|18|F-change|0|disp=flip}} or more within only a few minutes. More extreme events have also been documented, where temperatures have been reported to exceed {{convert|50|°C|°F|0}}. However, such extreme events have never been officially verified. Heat bursts are also characterized by extremely dry air and are sometimes associated with very strong, even damaging, winds.

Characteristics

In general, heat bursts occur during the late spring and summer seasons. During these times, thunderstorms tend to generate day heating and lose their main energy during the evening hours.[4] Due to a potential temperature increase, heat bursts normally occur at night; however, heat bursts have also been recorded to occur during the daytime. Heat bursts have lasted for times spanning from a couple of minutes to several hours. The rare phenomenon is usually accompanied by strong gusty winds, extreme temperature changes, and an extreme decrease in humidity. They occur near the end of a weakening thunderstorm cluster. Dry air and a low-level inversion are also present during the storm.[5]

Causes

As the thunderstorm starts to dissipate, the layer of clouds start to rise. After the layer of clouds have risen, a rain-cooled layer remains. The cluster shoots a burst of unsaturated air down towards the ground. In doing so, the system loses all of its up-draft related fuel.[6] The raindrops begin to evaporate into dry air, which emphasizes the effects of the heat bursts. As the unsaturated air descends, the air pressure increases. The descending air parcel warms at the dry adiabatic lapse rate of approximately 10 °C per 1000 meters (5.5 °F per 1000 feet) of descent. The warm air from the cluster replaces the cool air on the ground. The effect is similar to someone blowing down on a puddle of water.

On 4 March 1990, the National Weather Service in Goodland, Kansas detected a system that had weakening, light rain showers, and snow showers. It was followed by gusty winds and a temperature increase. A heat burst was being observed. The detection proved that heat bursts can occur in both summer months and winter months. The occurrence also proved that a weakening thunderstorm was not needed in the development of heat bursts.

Forecasting

The first step of forecasting and preparing for heat bursts is recognizing the events that come before heat bursts occur. Rain from a high convection cloud falls below cloud level and evaporates, cooling the air. Air parcels that are cooler than the surrounding environment fall. And lastly, temperature conversion mixed with a downdraft momentum continue downward until the air reaches the ground. The air parcels then become warmer than their environment.

McPherson, Lane, Crawford, and McPherson Jr. researched the heat burst system at the Oklahoma Mesonet, which is owned by both the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University. The purpose of their research was to discover any technological benefits and challenges in detecting heat bursts, document the time of day and year that heat bursts mostly occur, and to research the topography of where heat bursts mostly occur in Oklahoma.

Scientists and meteorologists use archived data to manually study data that detected 390 potential heat burst days during a fifteen-year period. In studying the archived data, they observed that 58% of the potential days had dry-line passages, frontal passages or a temperature change. The temperature change was due to an increase in solar radiation in the hours of the morning or a daytime precipitation weather system.

By studying the archived data, the scientists' have the ability to determine the beginning, peak and end of heat burst conditions. The peak of heat burst conditions is the maximum observed temperature. The beginning of the heat burst occurrence is the time when the air temperature began to increase without decreasing until after the heat burst. The end of the heat burst is when the system ceased to affect the temperature and dew point of the area.

In addition to researching the life cycle and characteristics of heat bursts, a group of scientists concluded that the topography of Oklahoma coincided with the change in atmospheric moisture between northwest and southeast Oklahoma. An increase in convection normally occurs over the United States High Plains during the late spring and summer. They also concluded that a higher increase in convection develops if a mid-tropospheric lifting mechanism interacts with an elevated moist layer.[7]

Documented cases

  • Hobart, Oklahoma, 6–7 July 2016: The temperature rose from {{convert|80.6|F}} just before 11:00 pm CDT, July 6 to {{convert|105.8|F}} at 12:15 am CDT, July 7.[8]
  • Calgary, Alberta, 30 July 2014: Between 10:00 pm, July 29, and 12:00 am, the dew point fell from {{convert|12|C}} to {{convert|0|C}}, with southwest wind gusts of {{convert|85|km/h}} at the airport. Meanwhile, the mercury rose from {{convert|26|C}} to {{convert|29|C}}. 31 July 2014: A second heat burst began about 9:30 pm; with the wind gusting to {{convert|67|km/h}}, the dew point falling from {{convert|10|C}} to {{convert|0|C}}, and the temperature climbing from {{convert|26|C}} to {{convert|29|C}}[9][10][11][12]
  • Melbourne, Victoria, 14–15 January 2014: Following a very hot day, decaying thunderstorms produced a heat burst centered over the western suburbs of the city, but affecting most of the urban area. At 10:50 pm {{VICcity|Laverton}} recorded a wind gust of {{Convert|102|km/h|kn mph|abbr=on}}, followed by a rise in temperature from {{convert|29.9|to|38.9|C|F}} in just over an hour,[13] while Cerberus station recorded a rise from {{convert|24.2|to|32.5|C|F}} in 30 minutes and later recorded a second rise from {{convert|26.6|to|33.6|C|F}} in 46 minutes.[14] The main Melbourne weather station recorded a smaller rise from {{convert|33.6|to|36.4|C|F}} in 90 minutes.[15]
  • Grand Island, Nebraska, 11 June 2013: Temperature jumped from {{convert|74.2|F}} to {{convert|93.7|F}} in the 15 minutes between 2:57 and 3:12 AM [16]
  • Dane County, Wisconsin, 15 May 2013: The National Weather Service reported nearly a 10 °F (5.3 °C) temperature boost that coincided with sustained winds.[17]
  • South Dakota, 14 May 2013: Several "heat bursts" or hybrid "heat burst/wake low" induced wind gusts were observed across portions of northeastern South Dakota. Between 7:00 AM CDT and 8:00 AM CDT temperatures rose from {{convert|58|F}} to {{convert|79|F}} and strong winds to {{convert|57|mph|km/h}} were reported.[18]
  • Georgetown, South Carolina, 1 July 2012: Between 9:00 pm and 10:30 pm, the temperature rose from 79°F (26.1°C) to 90°F (32.2°C) and dew point fell from 59°F (15.0°C) to 45°F (7.2°C).[19]
  • Bussey, Iowa, 3 May 2012: The temperatures shot from about {{convert|74|F}} to about {{convert|85|F}} degrees while peak wind gusts jumped from around 15 mph to about 60 mph.[20][21]
  • Torcy, Seine-et-Marne, 29 April 2012 : while an area of low pressure moved from the southwest of France to the northwest, the wind suddenly increased between 10 pm and midnight in areas to the south of Paris. Sustained winds topped 45 km/h (28 mph) at the station of Torcy (Seine-et-Marne) with gusts of up to 110 km/h (69 mph). At the same time, the temperature rose from {{convert|13.4|C|F}} at 11 pm to {{convert|24|C|F}} at midnight. The vertical temperature profile was similar to that observed during dry downbursts, with a very strong helicity (700 m²/s²) and a strong shear (60 kn) but with only a weak instability (CAPE levels of 100 to 200 J/Kg). No thunderstorms developed over the region, however light rain was reported (due to evaporation in dry low level boundary layer). Other stations in the area also experienced the phenomenon but not as dramatically as in Torcy.[22]
  • Atlantic, Iowa, 23 August 2011: The observation at the Atlantic AWOS at 7:25 pm local time had a temperature of {{convert|102|F|C}} and a dew point of {{convert|7|F|C}}. Three observations prior to this (6:55 pm), the temperature was {{convert|88|F|C}} and the dew point was {{convert|64|F|C}}. The {{convert|7|F|C}} dew point is considered likely to be incorrect, however, as AWOS stations have been known to have issues with dew points in low humidity environments. Scattered wind damage was also reported in association with the heat bursts, with one wind observation as high as {{convert|60|mph|abbr=on}}.[23][24][25]
  • Indianapolis, Indiana, 3 July 2011: Observations around 1:30 am EDT in the area indicated the temperature rose and the dew point dropped nearly 15 °F (8 °C) in less than an hour, causing the relative humidity to drop nearly 40-50 percentage points. Winds increased rapidly, with gusts to near {{convert|50|mph|abbr=on}}. One NWS Indianapolis employee reported that his neighbor's patio furniture ended up in his backyard. The observation site at Eagle Creek Airpark (KEYE) best observed the temperature, dew point, and pressure changes. The site at Indianapolis International Airport (KIND) observed the strongest wind gusts associated with the heat burst.[26]
  • Wichita, Kansas, 9 June 2011: Temperatures rose from {{convert|85|to|102|°F|°C|0}} between 12:22 and 12:42 am. The heat burst caused some wind damage ({{convert|40|-|50|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and local residents reported the phenomenon to area weather stations.[27]
  • Buenos Aires, Argentina, 29 October 2009: After a day with extremely high and unusual temperatures that peaked over {{convert|93.9|°F|°C|1}} (air temperature {{convert|101.6|°F|°C|1}}), at late midnight temperatures rose from {{convert|87.8|to|94.2|°F|°C|1}} in a matter of minutes with wind gusts over {{convert|37|mph|km/h|0}}[28]
  • Delmarva Peninsula, 26 April 2009: Temperatures rose from {{convert|68|to|87|°F|°C|0}} between 10:00 pm and 2:00 am following a series of heat bursts across the Eastern Shore. Double-digit temperature increases were reported from 1:00 to 2:00 am at Salisbury, Maryland (+13), Ocean City, Maryland (+11), and Wallops Island, Virginia (+10).[29]
  • Edmonton, Alberta 18 August 2008: 23:00 (MST)[30] In the evening temperatures were cooling off after a high of {{convert|34.4|C}}. Thunderstorms had formed to the southwest along the foothills, and were moving to the east-northeast.[31] By 22:37 the Edmonton City Centre Airport the temperature was {{convert|22|C}}, with dew point at {{convert|16|C}}, light rain from the thunderstorm passing the city.[30][31] Around 23:00 strong gusts of wind from {{convert|37|to|57|km/h}} were recorded at the Airport. The temperatures quickly rose to {{convert|31|C}}, and lowered the dew point to {{convert|10|C}},[30][32][33] lasting less than an hour. The burst was caused by the thunderstorms dissipating, North and East of the city.[34]
  • Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 3 August 2008: Temperatures rose rapidly from the lower {{convert|70|to|101|°F|°C|0}} in a matter of minutes. Wind speeds also rose with gusts up to {{convert|50|-|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.[35]
  • Cozad, Nebraska, 26 June 2008: Wind gusts reached {{convert|75|mph|km/h|0}}, as the temperature rose {{convert|20|F-change|0}}[36] in a matter of minutes.[37]
  • Midland, Texas, 16 June 2008: At 11:25 pm a wind gust of {{convert|62|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} occurred, and the temperature rose from {{convert|71|to|97|°F|°C|1}} in minutes.[38] (These measurements were taken from miles away, and theories point to {{convert|80|-|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} winds in a 2–3-block perimeter.)[39]
  • Emporia, Kansas, 25 May 2008: Reported temperature jumped from {{convert|71|to|91|°F|°C|1}} between 4:44 and 5:11 am (CDT)[40] as the result of wind activity from a slow moving thunderstorm some {{convert|40|mi|km|0}} to the southwest.
  • Canby, Minnesota, 16 July 2006: A heat burst formed in Western Minnesota, pushing Canby's temperature to {{convert|100|°F|°C|1}}, and causing a wind gust of {{convert|63|mph|kn km/h|0|abbr=on}}. The dew point fell from {{convert|70|to|32|°F|°C|0}} over the course of one hour.[41]
  • Hastings, Nebraska, 20 June 2006: During the early morning the surface temperature abruptly increased from approximately {{convert|75|to|94|°F|°C|1}}.[42][43]
  • Sheppard Air Force Base Wichita Falls, Texas, 12 June 2004: During late evening the surface temperature abruptly increased from approximately {{convert|83|to|94|°F|°C|1}} and causing a wind gust of {{convert|72|mph|kn km/h|0|abbr=on}}. The dew point fell from {{convert|70|to|39|°F|C|1}}[44][45]
  • Minnesota and South Dakota, 26 March 1998: A temperature increase of 10–20 °F (6-11 °C) was reported in the towns of Marshall, Minnesota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Brookings, South Dakota, and Montrose, South Dakota during a two-hour period.[46]
  • Oklahoma, 22–23 May 1996: The temperature in the towns of Chickasha rose from {{convert|87.6|to|101.9|°F|°C|1}} in just 25 minutes, while the temperature at Ninnekah rose from {{convert|87.9|to|101.4|°F|°C|0}} in 40 minutes. In addition, wind damage was reported as winds gusted to {{convert|95|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in Lawton, {{convert|67|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in Ninnekah, and {{convert|63|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} in Chickasha.[47]
  • Barcelona, Spain: (4–5 August 1993 & 2 July 1994) Heat bursts with temperature rises over {{convert|13|°C|°F|0}} and wind gusts of more than {{convert|44|kn|mph|0}} at Barcelona–El Prat Airport, record maximum temperature at the airport and the spread of forest fires.[48]

Extreme cases

These are cases when temperatures over {{convert|56.7|°C|°F|1}} (the highest officially confirmed in the World, in Death Valley, United States, 1913) were recorded during heat bursts.

  • Cherokee, Oklahoma, 11 July 1909: at 3:00 in the morning, a heat burst south of Cherokee, Oklahoma reportedly caused the temperature to rise briefly to {{convert|57.8|°C|°F|1}}, desiccating crops in the area.[49]
  • Kopperl, Texas, United States, 1960: A heat burst sent the air temperature to near {{convert|140|°F|°C|0}}, supposedly causing cotton crops to become desiccated and drying out vegetation.[50][51]
  • Lisbon, Portugal, 6 July 1949: A heat burst reportedly drove the air temperature from {{convert|38|to|70|°C|°F|1}} within two minutes, in the region of Figueira da Foz and Coimbra, in central Portugal causing the deaths of various livestock as well as nearby crops and wildlife.[52][53]
  • Abadan, Iran, June 1967: An extreme temperature of {{convert|86.7|°C|°F}} was recorded during a heat burst.[53]

See also

  • Atmospheric thermodynamics
  • Chinook wind
  • Wake low
  • Downburst

References

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2. ^{{cite web|title=Oklahoma "heat burst" sends temperatures soaring|publisher=USA Today|date=8 July 1999|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/wheatbst.htm|accessdate=9 May 2007}}
3. ^{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Jeffrey |title=Examination of a Long-Lived Heat Burst Event in the Northern Plains |journal=National Weather Digest |volume=27 |pages=27–34 |publisher=National Weather Association |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QRG/is_27/ai_n11836123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050611001108/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QRG/is_27/ai_n11836123 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2005-06-11 |date=December 2003 }}
4. ^National Weather ServiceAlbuquerque, NM Weather Forecast Office. "Heat Bursts". Retrieved from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/abq/?n=localfeatureheatburst
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6. ^National Weather Service. Wilmington, North Carolina. "Georgetown Heat Burst." Retrieved from www.weather.gov/ilm/GeorgetownHeatBurst.
7. ^(Kenneth Crawford, Justin Lane, Renee McPherson, William McPherson Jr. "A Climatological Analysis Of Heat Bursts In Oklahoma (1994-2009)." International Journal of Climatology. Volume 31. Issue 4. Pages 531-544. (Mar. 10).
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40. ^{{cite web|title=Special Weather Statement|publisher=National Weather Service, Topeka, Kansas|url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/KEMP/2008/5/25/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA|accessdate=25 May 2008}}
41. ^{{cite web|title=Late Night Heat Burst in Western Minnesota on 16–17 July 2006 |publisher=National Weather Service, Twin Cities |url=http://climate.umn.edu/doc/journal/heatburst060717.htm |accessdate=9 May 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901141417/http://climate.umn.edu/doc/journal/heatburst060717.htm |archivedate=1 September 2006 |df= }}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/KHSI/2006/6/20/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA |title=Weather History for Hastings, NE|website=wunderground.com|accessdate=15 September 2017}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/gid/?n=news_243 |title=Hastings, NE|website=crh.noaa.gov|accessdate=15 September 2017}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/wxhistory/gethistory.php?month=06 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-06-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019091719/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/wxhistory/gethistory.php?month=06 |archivedate=19 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.storm2k.org/phpbb2/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=31351&start=0&st=0&sk=t&sd=a |title=Heat Burst strikes OK/KS late Friday night|website=storm2k.org|accessdate=15 September 2017}}
46. ^{{cite web|last=Heitkamp|author2=Holmes|title=Tri State Area Heat Burst March 26, 1998|publisher=National Weather Service, Sioux Falls|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/science/heat980326/index.php|accessdate=9 May 2007}}
47. ^{{cite web|last=Cappella|first=Chris|title=Heat burst captured by weather network|publisher=USA Today|date=23 June 1999|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/wokhtbst.htm|accessdate=9 May 2007}}
48. ^ARÚS DUMENJO, J. (2001): «Reventones de tipo cálido en Cataluña», V Simposio nacional de predicción del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid, págs. 1-7 Repositorio Arcimís, http://repositorio.aemet.es/handle/20.500.11765/4699 (versión electrónica).       
49. ^Isaac M. Cline, Climatological Data for July, 1909: District No. 7. Lower Mississippi Valley, p 337-338; http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-toc&issn=1520-0493&volume=37&issue=7 Monthly Weather Review July 1909
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52. ^http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2812550
53. ^1 {{cite book|author=Burt, Christopher C.|year=2004|title=Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|page=36|isbn=978-0393330151}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027075327/http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~heinsel/heatburst/heatburst.html P11.13 THE 22–23 May 1996 HEATBURST: A SEVERE WIND EVENT]
  • What is a Heat Burst?
  • [https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-blogs/weathermatrix/the-texas-heat-1/4574 The Texas Heat Burst, Others]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heat Burst}}

2 : Wind|Severe weather and convection
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