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词条 BSD licenses
释义

  1. Terms

      Previous license    {{anchor|4-clause}} 4-clause license (original "BSD License")    {{anchor|3-clause}} 3-clause license ("BSD License 2.0", "Revised BSD License", "New BSD License", or "Modified BSD License")    {{anchor|2-clause}} 2-clause license ("Simplified BSD License" or "FreeBSD License")    {{anchor|0-clause}} 0-clause license ("Zero Clause BSD")  

  2. License compatibility

      Commercial license compatibility    FOSS compatibility  

  3. Reception and usage

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{selfref|For the BSD license template for use on Wikipedia, see BSD.}}{{More citations needed|date=February 2008}}

BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses, imposing minimal restrictions on the use and distribution of covered software. This is in contrast to copyleft licenses, which have share-alike requirements. The original BSD license was used for its namesake, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system. The original version has since been revised, and its descendants are referred to as modified BSD licenses.

BSD is both a license and a class of license (generally referred to as BSD-like). The modified BSD license (in wide use today) is very similar to the license originally used for the BSD version of Unix. The BSD license is a simple license that merely requires that all code retain the BSD license notice if redistributed in source code format, or reproduce the notice if redistributed in binary format. The BSD license (unlike some other licenses) does not require that source code be distributed at all.

Terms

In addition to the original (4-clause) license used for BSD, several derivative licenses have emerged that are also commonly referred to as a "BSD license". Today, the typical BSD license is the 3-clause version, which is revised from the original 4-clause version.

In all BSD licenses as following, <organization> is the organization of the <copyright holder> or just the <copyright holder>, and <year> is the year of the copyright. As published in BSD, <copyright holder> is "Regents of the University of California", and <organization> is "University of California, Berkeley".

Previous license

{{ infobox software license
| name = Prior BSD License
| author = Regents of the University of California
| copyright = Public Domain
| date = 1988
| OSI approved = No
| Debian approved = Yes
| Free Software = Yes
| GPL compatible = No
| copyleft = No
| copyfree = No
| linking = Yes
}}

Some releases of BSD prior to the adoption of the 4-clause BSD license used a license that is clearly ancestral to the 4-clause BSD license. These releases include 4.3BSD-Tahoe (1988) and Net/1 (1989). Although largely replaced by the 4-clause license, this license can be found in 4.3BSD-Reno, Net/2, and 4.4BSD-Alpha.

Copyright (c) <year> <copyright holder>.All rights reserved.Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permittedprovided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph areduplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,advertising materials, and other materials related to suchdistribution and use acknowledge that the software was developedby the <organization>. The name of the<organization> may not be used to endorse or promote products derivedfrom this software without specific prior written permission.THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS ORIMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIEDWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

{{anchor|4-clause}} 4-clause license (original "BSD License")

{{Infobox software license
| name = BSD License
| author = Regents of the University of California
| copyright = Public Domain
| date = 1990
| OSI approved = No[1]
| Debian approved = Yes[2]
| Free Software = Yes[3]
| GPL compatible = No[3]
| copyleft = No[3]
| copyfree = No
| linking = Yes
}}

The original BSD license contained a clause not found in later licenses, known as the "advertising clause". This clause eventually became controversial, as it required authors of all works deriving from a BSD-licensed work to include an acknowledgment of the original source in all advertising material. This was clause number 3 in the original license text:[6]

Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>All rights reserved.Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or withoutmodification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software   must display the following acknowledgement:   This product includes software developed by the <organization>.4. Neither the name of the <organization> nor the   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products   derived from this software without specific prior written permission.THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> ''AS IS'' AND ANYEXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIEDWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AREDISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANYDIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED ANDON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THISSOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

This clause was objected to on the grounds that as people changed the license to reflect their name or organization it led to escalating advertising requirements when programs were combined together in a software distribution: every occurrence of the license with a different name required a separate acknowledgment. In arguing against it, Richard Stallman has stated that he counted 75 such acknowledgments in a 1997 version of NetBSD.[7] In addition, the clause presented a legal problem for those wishing to publish BSD-licensed software which relies upon separate programs using the GNU GPL: the advertising clause is incompatible with the GPL, which does not allow the addition of restrictions beyond those it already imposes; because of this, the GPL's publisher, the Free Software Foundation, recommends developers not use the license, though it states there is no reason not to use software already using it.[3]

Today, this original license is now sometimes called "BSD-old" or "4-clause BSD".

{{anchor|3-clause}} 3-clause license ("BSD License 2.0", "Revised BSD License", "New BSD License", or "Modified BSD License")

{{see also|University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License}}{{Infobox software license
| name = New BSD License
| author = Regents of the University of California
| copyright = Public Domain
| date = {{dts|format=dmy|1999-07-22}}[6]
| OSI approved = Yes[1]
| Debian approved = Yes[2]
| Free Software = Yes
| GPL compatible = Yes
| copyleft = No
| copyfree = Yes
| linking = Yes
}}

The advertising clause was removed from the license text in the official BSD on {{dts|22 July 1999}} by William Hoskins, Director of the Office of Technology Licensing for UC Berkeley.[6][1] Other BSD distributions removed the clause, but many similar clauses remain in BSD-derived code from other sources, and unrelated code using a derived license.

While the original license is sometimes referred to as the "BSD-old", the resulting 3-clause version is sometimes referred to by "BSD-new." Other names include "New BSD", "revised BSD", "BSD-3", or "3-clause BSD". This version has been vetted as an Open source license by the OSI as "The BSD License".[1] The Free Software Foundation, which refers to the license as the "Modified BSD License", states that it is compatible with the GNU GPL. The FSF encourages users to be specific when referring to the license by name (i.e. not simply referring to it as "a BSD license" or "BSD-style") to avoid confusion with the original BSD license.

This version allows unlimited redistribution for any purpose as long as its copyright notices and the license's disclaimers of warranty are maintained. The license also contains a clause restricting use of the names of contributors for endorsement of a derived work without specific permission.

Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>All rights reserved.Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or withoutmodification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.    * Neither the name of the <organization> nor the      names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products      derived from this software without specific prior written permission.THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" ANDANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIEDWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AREDISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL <COPYRIGHT HOLDER> BE LIABLE FOR ANYDIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED ANDON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THISSOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

{{anchor|2-clause}} 2-clause license ("Simplified BSD License" or "FreeBSD License")

{{Redirect|FreeBSD License|documentation|FreeBSD Documentation License}}{{See also|ISC license|MIT License}}{{Infobox software license
| name = FreeBSD License
|image=BSD wordmark.svg| author = The FreeBSD Project
| copyright = The FreeBSD Project
| date = April 1999 or earlier
| OSI approved = Yes[1]
| Debian approved = Yes
| Free Software = Yes[20]
| GPL compatible = Yes[20]
| copyleft = No[20]
| copyfree = Yes
| linking = Yes
}}

An even more simplified version has come into use, primarily known for its usage in FreeBSD.[23] It was in use there as early as April 29, 1999 [24] and likely well before. The primary difference between it and the New BSD (3-clause) License is that it omits the non-endorsement clause. It also adds a further disclaimer about views and opinions expressed in the software. The Free Software Foundation, which refers to the license as the FreeBSD License, states that it is compatible with the GNU GPL. In addition, the FSF encourages users to be specific when referring to the license by name (i.e. not simply referring to it as "a BSD license" or "BSD-style"), as it does with the modified/new BSD license, to avoid confusion with the original BSD license.[20]

Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>All rights reserved.Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or withoutmodification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" ANDANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIEDWARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AREDISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FORANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED ANDON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THISSOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are thoseof the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies,either expressed or implied, of the <project name> project.

Other projects, such as NetBSD, use a similar 2-clause license, but without the additional disclaimer.[26] This version has been vetted as an Open source license by the OSI as the "Simplified BSD License."[1]

The ISC license is functionally equivalent, and endorsed by the OpenBSD project as a license template for new contributions.[2]

{{anchor|0-clause}} 0-clause license ("Zero Clause BSD")

{{Infobox software license
| name = Zero Clause BSD
| author = Rob Landley
| copyright = Public-domain-equivalent_license
| date = 2006
| OSI approved = Yes[3]
| Debian approved = ?
| Free Software = ?
| GPL compatible = ?
| copyleft = No
| copyfree = Yes
| linking = ?
}}

Formerly known as the "Free Public License 1.0.0"[4] the BSD 0-clause license (SPDX: 0BSD) goes further than the 2-clause license by dropping the requirements to include the copyright notice, license text, or disclaimer in either source or binary forms".[5]

Copyright (C) [year] by [copyright holder] <[email]>Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

License compatibility

{{main|License compatibility}}

Commercial license compatibility

The FreeBSD project argues on the advantages of BSD-style licenses for companies and commercial use-cases due to their license compatibility with proprietary licenses and general flexibility, stating that the BSD-style licenses place only "minimal restrictions on future behavior" and aren't "legal time-bombs", unlike copyleft licenses.[6] The BSD License allows proprietary use and allows the software released under the license to be incorporated into proprietary products. Works based on the material may be released under a proprietary license as closed source software, allowing usual commercial usages under them.

FOSS compatibility

The 3-clause BSD license, like most permissive licenses, is compatible with almost all FOSS licenses (and as well proprietary licenses).[7][8]

Two variants of the license, the New BSD License/Modified BSD License (3-clause), and the Simplified BSD License/FreeBSD License (2-clause)[20] have been verified as GPL-compatible free software licenses by the Free Software Foundation, and have been vetted as open source licenses by the Open Source Initiative.[1] The original, 4-clause BSD license has not been accepted as an open source license and, although the original is considered to be a free software license by the FSF, the FSF does not consider it to be compatible with the GPL due to the advertising clause.[3]

Reception and usage

{{quotebox|width=250px|Over the years I’ve become convinced that the BSD license is great for code you don’t care about. I’ll use it myself.|-- Linus Torvalds at LinuxCon 2016[9]}}

The BSD license family is one of the oldest and broadly used license family in the FOSS ecosystem. Also, many new licenses were derived or inspired by the BSD licenses. Many FOSS software projects use a BSD license, for instance the BSD OS family (FreeBSD etc.), Google's Bionic or Toybox. {{as of|2015}} the BSD 3-clause license ranked in popularity number five according to Black Duck Software[10] and sixth according to GitHub data.[11]

See also

{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
  • Comparison of free and open-source software licenses
  • Software using the BSD license (category)

References

1. ^Comparing the BSD and GPL Licenses on Technology Innovation Management Review by Bruce Montague (on October 2007)
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.openbsd.org/policy.html|title=OpenBSD Copyright Policy|accessdate=2016-07-17}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://lists.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review_lists.opensource.org/2018-November/003830.html|title=[License-review] Please rename "Free Public License-1.0.0" to 0BSD.|accessdate=2019-02-15}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://lists.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review_lists.opensource.org/2018-November/003830.html|title=[License-review] Please rename "Free Public License-1.0.0" to 0BSD.|accessdate=2019-02-15}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://tldrlegal.com/license/bsd-0-clause-license|title=BSD 0-Clause License (0BSD) Explained in Plain English|accessdate=2019-02-15}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/bsdl-gpl/article.html |title=Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project - GPL Advantages and Disadvantages|quote=In contrast to the GPL, which is designed to prevent the proprietary commercialization of Open Source code, the BSD license places minimal restrictions on future behavior. This allows BSD code to remain Open Source or become integrated into commercial solutions, as a project's or company's needs change. In other words, the BSD license does not become a legal time-bomb at any point in the development process. In addition, since the BSD license does not come with the legal complexity of the GPL or LGPL licenses, it allows developers and companies to spend their time creating and promoting good code rather than worrying if that code violates licensing. |publisher=FreeBSD |first=Bruce|last=Montague |date=2013-11-13 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://opensource.com/business/14/1/what-license-should-i-use-open-source-project |quote=Permissive licensing simplifies things One reason the business world, and more and more developers [...], favor permissive licenses is in the simplicity of reuse. The license usually only pertains to the source code that is licensed and makes no attempt to infer any conditions upon any other component, and because of this there is no need to define what constitutes a derived work. I have also never seen a license compatibility chart for permissive licenses; it seems that they are all compatible. |title=Should I use a permissive license? Copyleft? Or something in the middle?|date=28 Jan 2014 |accessdate=2015-05-30 |first=Marcus D. |last=Hanwell |publisher=opensource.com}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/software/page/licence_compatibility_and_interoperability |work=Open-Source Software - Develop, share, and reuse open source software for public administrations |title=Licence Compatibility and Interoperability |publisher=joinup.ec.europa.eu |quote=The licences for distributing free or open source software (FOSS) are divided in two families: permissive and copyleft. Permissive licences (BSD, MIT, X11, Apache, Zope) are generally compatible and interoperable with most other licences, tolerating to merge, combine or improve the covered code and to re-distribute it under many licences (including non-free or “proprietary”). |accessdate=2015-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617130550/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/software/page/licence_compatibility_and_interoperability |archive-date=17 June 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
9. ^[https://fossforce.com/2016/09/torvalds-linuxcon-permissive-licenses-org-charts/ Torvalds at LinuxCon Part III: Permissive Licenses and Org Charts] FOSS Force, 2016
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blackducksoftware.com/resources/data/top-20-licenses |quote=1. MIT license 24%, 2. GNU General Public License (GPL) 2.0 23%, 3. Apache License 16%, 4. GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0 9%, 5. BSD License 2.0 (3-clause, New or Revised) License 6%, 6. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1 5%, 7. Artistic License (Perl) 4%, 8. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 3.0 2%, 9. Microsoft Public License 2%, 10. Eclipse Public License (EPL) 2% |title=Top 20 licenses |publisher=Black Duck Software |accessdate=19 November 2015 |date=19 November 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://github.com/blog/1964-license-usage-on-github-com |quote="1 MIT 44.69%, 2 Other 15.68%, 3 GPLv2 12.96%, 4 Apache 11.19%, 5 GPLv3 8.88%, 6 BSD 3-clause 4.53%, 7 Unlicense 1.87%, 8 BSD 2-clause 1.70%, 9 LGPLv3 1.30%, 10 AGPLv3 1.05% |title=Open source license usage on GitHub.com |date=2015-03-09 |first=Ben |last=Balter |accessdate=2015-11-21 |publisher=github.com}}
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | url = https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#FreeBSD | work = Various Licenses and Comments about Them | title = FreeBSD license | publisher = Free Software Foundation | accessdate = 2 October 2010 }}
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web | url = http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php | title = The BSD License:Licensing | publisher = Open Source Initiative | accessdate = 6 December 2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091129081849/http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php | archivedate = 29 November 2009 | deadurl = no}}
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | url = https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OriginalBSD | work = Various Licenses and Comments about Them | title = Original BSD license | publisher = Free Software Foundation | accessdate = 2 October 2010 }}
15. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://www.debian.org/legal/licenses/ | title = License information | publisher = Debian | accessdate = 18 February 2010 }}
16. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/README.Impt.License.Change | title = To All Licensees, Distributors of Any Version of BSD | publisher = University of California, Berkeley | date = 1999-07-22 | accessdate = 2006-11-15 }}
17. ^1 {{cite web | url = https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/bsd.html | title = The BSD License Problem | author = Richard Stallman | publisher = Free Software Foundation | accessdate = 2006-11-15 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061112224151/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/bsd.html | archivedate = 12 November 2006 | deadurl = no}}
18. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html | title = The FreeBSD Copyright | publisher = The FreeBSD Project | accessdate = 6 December 2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091125231326/http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html | archivedate = 25 November 2009 | deadurl = no}}
19. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://www.netbsd.org/about/redistribution.html | title = NetBSD Licensing and Redistribution | publisher = The NetBSD Foundation | accessdate = 6 December 2009 }}
20. ^1 {{ cite web|url=http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html |publisher=The FreeBSD Foundation |title=The FreeBSD Copyright (as available at archive.org) |accessdate=7 January 2017 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990429093111/http://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html |archivedate=29 April 1999 }}
[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
}}

External links

  • Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable, Marshall Kirk McKusick, in: Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, O'Reilly 1999
  • [https://urchin.earth.li/~twic/The_Amazing_Disappearing_BSD_License.html The Amazing Disappearing BSD License]
  • BSD License Definition – by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)
{{Berkeley Software Distribution}}{{FOSS}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}

2 : Free and open-source software licenses|Berkeley Software Distribution
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