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词条 Buddh International Circuit
释义

  1. History

      2000s    2010s    Tax dispute  

  2. Design

  3. Circuit

  4. Reception

  5. Name and the logo

  6. Awards and recognition

  7. Gallery

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}{{Motorsport venue
| Name = Buddh International Circuit
| Nicknames = India's Racing Arena
| Time = GMT +5:30 (Indian Standard Time)
| Coordinates = {{Coord|28|21|2|N|77|32|6|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=it}}
| Location = Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| Image =
| FIAGrade = 1
| Capacity = 120,000
| Owner = Jaypee Group
| Operator = Jaypee Sports International Limited
| Broke_ground =
| Opened = October 2011
| Closed =
| Construction_cost= {{Indian Rupee}}20 billion (US$400 million)[1]
| Architect = Hermann Tilke
| Former_names =
| Events = FIA Formula One
Indian Grand Prix
(2011-2013)
T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship by Tata Motors
JK Tyre FMSCI National Racing Championship by JK Tyre and FMSCI
SUPRA SAEINDIA by SAEINDIA
| Layout1 = Grand Prix Circuit
| Surface = Asphalt concrete with Graywacke aggregate
| Length_km = 5.125
| Length_mi = 3.185
| Turns = 16
| Record_time = 1:27.249
| Record_driver = {{flagicon|GER}} Sebastian Vettel
| Record_team = Red Bull Racing
| Record_year = 2011
| Record_class = Formula One
|}}

The Buddh International Circuit (Hindi: बुद्ध अन्तरराष्ट्रीय परिपथ) is an Indian motor racing circuit situated in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.[2] The track shares its name with Gautama Buddha, as does the district the track is located in.

The track was officially inaugurated on 18 October 2011.[3] The 5.14 km long circuit was designed by German architect and racetrack designer Hermann Tilke.[4][5]

The circuit was best known as the venue for the annual Formula One Indian Grand Prix, which was first hosted in October 2011.[6] However, the Grand Prix was suspended for 2014 and subsequently cancelled due to a tax dispute with the Uttar Pradesh government.[7]

History

2000s

In 2007, a tentative agreement to host the Indian Grand Prix was reached between the Indian Olympic Association and Bernie Ecclestone, then chief-executive of the Formula One Group. A site in Greater Noida in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh was chosen as the location of the track that would host the race.[8] Delays in the procurement of the land and construction were reported in early 2009 owing in part to the ongoing financial crisis.[9] The design of the track was ultimately revealed in November 2009.[10]

The venue was slated to debut during the 2010 Formula One season, with construction scheduled to be completed in time. However, this date was pushed back and the inaugural race eventually took place the following year.[11]

2010s

The first Indian Grand Prix was held at the Buddh International Circuit on 30 October 2011. It was initially scheduled to take place in December 2011. However, following scheduling conflicts with the Bahrain Grand Prix and its subsequent cancellation, the race was rescheduled to October.[12] The inaugural race was won by Red Bull Racing's Sebastian Vettel, who started from pole position. He also set the fastest lap and therefore race lap record that year, which stood for the following two Grands Prix.

During the 2012 Formula One season and the second Formula One race to take place at the circuit, Sebastian Vettel took pole once again, led every lap and went on to win the race. The fastest lap of the race was set by McLaren's Jenson Button.

The following year, the Indian Grand Prix was the sixteenth race in a nineteen-race season. Sebastian Vettel started on pole and subsequently won the race. Vettel also secured his fourth consecutive Formula One World Drivers' Championship at this race, beating his closest challenger, Ferrari's Fernando Alonso, who finished 11th. Red Bull also secured its fourth consecutive Constructors' Championship. The fastest lap of the race was set by Lotus' Kimi Räikkönen. This was the last Formula One race held at the circuit.

The track was not slated to be part of the 2014 season. One reason given was the rescheduling of the Indian Grand Prix to March for 2014, which made little sense after a race in October 2013.[13] Its appearance in the 2015 season was subsequently ruled out in mid-2014, citing contractual and taxation issues.[14]

The owners were unable to significantly recover their investments through all three seasons the races were held, and were forced to write off loses worth at least $25.1 million.[15] In 2016, the owners reiterated their desire to not sell the circuit to other buyers, despite its high maintenance costs, their own financial distress, and the lack of future scheduled international sporting events.[16] The circuit has continued to host smaller local racing series and championships, including the JK Tyre National Racing Championship which includes open-wheel racing as well as motorcycle racing[17][18], and open track days.[19]

Tax dispute

The Buddh International Circuit is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, subject to its local taxes as well as national customs duties. The first signs of a dispute arose in 2009: in a letter to the promoters JPSK Sports, the Indian Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports denied JPSK Sports permission to remit $36.5 million in licensing fees to Formula One administration headquarters in London. The reason given was the nature of Formula One, considered not to be a sport but rather entertainment, and its perceived lack of impact on the development of sports in the country.[20] Customs fees for imported components including engines and tyres were not waived, and tax exemptions given to other sports were not offered to the organisers.[21] Fees worth $51.3 million, meant to be paid by Jaypee Sports to Formula One World Championship Limited(FOWC), were still pending as of Liberty Media's acquisition of the Formula One Group in 2016.[22] The government's expectation of tax revenue meant that Jaypee was prevented from paying its dues to FOWC.[23]

In a judgement issued in April 2017, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the circuit constituted a 'permanent establishment', and as such FOWC was liable to pay taxes on any income accrued by it in India, estimated at 40% of business income.[24] It considered royalty payments made by Jaypee to FOWC to be business income as well, subject to tax, which contradicted the original agreement between Jaypee and FOWC that stipulated that any fees would be paid free of taxes.[25] Liberty Media was prepared to settle the due amount in July 2017, setting aside $14.8 million.[26]

Design

Formula One racing's governing body, the FIA, had announced the inclusion of the Indian Grand Prix for 30 October 2011.[27] Estimated to cost about {{INR}}20 billion[28] ($400 million) to build, the circuit has an approximate length of 5.13 km and is spread over an area of 874 acres (354ha)[29] and is another creation of Hermann Tilke. The circuit was officially inaugurated on 18 October 2011,[29] just about two weeks before the first race. The seating capacity is initially expected to be 110,000[28] with provisions to increase it to 200,000[30] later on.

Circuit

The circuit is part of the {{convert|2500|acre|ha|sing=on}} Jaypee Greens Sports City,[31] which has increasingly delayed plans to include a 100,000 seating capacity international cricket stadium, 18-hole golf course, 25,000 seat field hockey stadium and a sports academy. The circuit design incorporated feedback from the teams on how the circuit could be altered to improve overtaking. This resulted in some minor changes before 2010: the planned hairpin at turn seven was removed, and the track at turn three was widened to allow drivers to take different lines throughout the corner. More information was released in August 2010, revealing that there were plans to make the circuit one of the most challenging for drivers, with the circuit rising fourteen metres within the first three corners alone and a banked double-apex bend on the far side of the circuit.[32] The track has since been praised by drivers, including Lewis Hamilton who compared it to the classic Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps.[33]

The banked multi-apex turn 10–11–12 sequence is one of the most notable sections of the circuit. It has been likened to the long, fast Turn 8 at Turkey's Istanbul Park circuit as it is a challenging sequence that generates high tyre loadings. Unlike Turkey's Turn 8, it tightens on exit and is a clockwise right-hander. Although it is not one of the main overtaking points, it is the corner that shows F1 cars to their full cornering potential. The circuit's main straight, at {{convert|1.06|km|yd|1|abbr=on}}, is among the longest in F1, with a key overtaking point at its end. The pitlane is also one of the longest in F1, at more than 600 metres: as in most races with pit stops, time spent in the pitlane is an important factor in determining race strategies.[34]

Before the opening weekend, the expected lap time for a Formula One car around the track was 1 minute, 27.02 seconds, at an average speed of 210.03 km/h (131 mph). At the end of the long straight between corners 3 and 4, Formula One cars were expected to reach a top speed of about 318 km/h (198 mph).[35] In the inaugural qualifying session, Sebastian Vettel turned in a lap time of 1 minute, 24.178 seconds, beating the predicted lap times from tyre manufacturer Pirelli. Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Jaime Alguersuari posted the top speed through the speed trap, reaching 324.2 km/h.

The relatively compact circuit was due to host a GT1 World Championship round as the season finale in December 2012,[36] but the event was cancelled.

The circuit was due to host a Superbike World Championship round for four seasons, starting in 2013.[37] However, the 2013 race was cancelled due to operational charges of Buddh International Circuit.[38]

No international championships have raced at the circuit since 2014.

Reception

The reception among drivers was overwhelmingly positive,[39] with praise directed towards the high-speed layout and challenging corner combinations that Jenson Button described as difficult to drive in a consistently quick fashion.

The circuit has been often compared by F1 drivers to the classic Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, a track known for high speeds and the type of corner-to-corner flow that comes from natural terrain. Inaugural winner Sebastian Vettel praised the track saying that "there is a lot of elevation change around the lap which adds to the fun, from as much as 8% downhill and up to 10% uphill; it's like a roller coaster. It really has emerged as one of the most challenging circuits on the calendar for the drivers."[40]

Name and the logo

Originally known as the Jaypee Group Circuit or the Jaypee International Circuit after the circuit's owners, the circuit was officially named the Buddh International Circuit in April 2011. According to Sameer Gaur, the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Jaypee Sports International Limited, the name 'Buddh International Circuit' has been chosen with reference to the area where the racetrack is situated – Gautam Buddh Nagar district (also known as Greater Noida). Because of its location, naming the circuit 'Buddh International Circuit' was a logical choice for the company.[41] The Buddh International circuit logo consists of a 'B' which also resembles a heart.[42] The BIC logo is a stylized 'B', the letter that stands for 'Buddh' and for 'Bharata' (native name of India).{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} The saffron, green and white colours used in the logo are representative of the Indian flag, while the curves in the stylized 'B' in the logo represent the lines of a racetrack.[43]

Awards and recognition

Buddh International Circuit, which hosted India's first Formula One Grand Prix on 30 October 2011, has been awarded the '2011 Motorsport Facility of the Year' award at the Professional Motorsport World Expo 2011.[44] BIC has also been honored with the 'Best Promoter Trophy' for the successful conduct of Formula One races in 2011 & 2012 at the FIA prize-giving gala.[45]

Gallery

See also

  • Indian Grand Prix
  • List of Formula One circuits
  • Greater Noida Cricket Stadium

References

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39. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/10/12704.html|work=Formula1.com|publisher=Formula One Administration|date=28 October 2011|accessdate=28 October 2011|title=India: Friday practice – selected team and driver quotes}}
40. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2012/10/22/f1-drivers-praise-buddh-international-circuit-india/ | title=Drivers praise India's 'Spa-like' Buddh circuit |accessdate=2012-11-22}}
41. ^{{cite news | title=Indian track titled Buddh International |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/90944|work=Autosport|date=25 April 2011|accessdate=26 April 2011}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://f1adda.com/2011/04/indian-gp-unveils-logo-and-rename-circuit-as-buddh-international-circuit/ |title=Indian GP unveils logo and rename circuit as Buddh International Circuit |publisher=F1Adda |accessdate=30 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116022415/http://f1adda.com/2011/04/indian-gp-unveils-logo-and-rename-circuit-as-buddh-international-circuit/ |archivedate=16 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
43. ^{{cite web|title=Philosophy behind the name and the logo|url=http://www.jaypeesports.com/bic_and_jpsi_fact_sheet.pdf|publisher=Jaypee Sports|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027084916/http://www.jaypeesports.com/bic_and_jpsi_fact_sheet.pdf|archivedate=27 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}
44. ^{{cite web|title=Buddh International Circuit wins '2011 Motorsport Facility of the Year' award|url=http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/motorsports/buddh-international-circuit-wins-2011-motorsports-facility-year-award-51797/|publisher=indian car bikes|date=18 November 2011|accessdate=13 September 2013}}
45. ^{{cite web|title=BIC bagged Motorsport Facility of the Year award|url=http://www.f1india.org/india-gp-in-news/924-bic-bagged-motorsport-facility-of-the-year-award|publisher=F1 India|date=25 November 2011|accessdate=26 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303153238/http://www.f1india.org/india-gp-in-news/924-bic-bagged-motorsport-facility-of-the-year-award|archive-date=3 March 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}

External links

{{Commons category|Buddh International Circuit}}
  • Official Website
  • {{dmoz|/Sports/Motorsports/Auto_Racing/Formula_One/Circuits/|Formula One circuits}}