“Burmese numerals”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Burmese numerals

释义

Main numbers
Zero to nine Ten to a million Round number rule Ordinal numbers Decimal and fractional numbers Alternate numbers
References
See also
External links

Burmese numerals ({{lang-my|မြန်မာဂဏန်း}}, {{IPA|[mjàɴmà ɡa̰náɴ]}}) are a set of numerals traditionally used in the Burmese language, although Arabic numerals are also used. Burmese numerals follow the Hindu-Arabic numeral system commonly used in the rest of the world.

Main numbers

Zero to nine

Number	Burmese
Number	Numeral	Written (MLCTS)	IPA
0	{{my\|၀}}	သုည}}¹ (su.nya.)	θòʊɴɲa̰\|IPA}}
1	၁}}	တစ်}} (tac)	tɪʔ\|IPA}}
2	၂}}	နှစ်}} (hnac)	n̥ɪʔ\|IPA}}
3	၃}}	သုံး}} (sum:)	θóʊɴ\|IPA}}
4	၄}}	လေး}} (le:)	lé\|IPA}}
5	၅}}	ငါး}} (nga:)	ŋá\|IPA}}
6	၆}}	ခြောက်}} (hkrauk)	tɕʰaʊʔ\|IPA}}
7	၇}}	ခုနစ်}} (hku. nac)	kʰʊ̀ɴ n̥ɪʔ\|IPA}}²
8	၈}}	ရှစ်}} (hrac)	ʃɪʔ\|IPA}}
9	၉}}	ကိုး}} (kui:)	kó\|IPA}}
10	၁၀}}	ဆယ်}} (ta. hcai)	sʰɛ̀\|IPA}}

¹ Burmese for zero comes from Sanskrit śūnya.

² Can be abbreviated to {{IPA-my|kʰʊ̀ɴ|IPA}} in list contexts, such as telephone numbers.

Spoken Burmese has innate pronunciation rules that govern numbers when they are combined with another word, be it a numerical place (e.g. tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.) or a measure word.^[1]

For one, two, and seven (all of which end in the rhyme {{IPA|[-ɪʔ]}}), when combined, shift to an open vowel, namely the schwa ({{IPA|[ə]}})
For three, four, five, and nine which all have the long tone (similar to the flat tone in pinyin), when combined, the word immediately following it, given that it begins with a consonant, shifts to a voiced consonant (e.g., {{my|၄၀}}, "40" is pronounced {{IPA|[lé zɛ̀]}}, not {{IPA|[lé sʰɛ̀]}}). Other suffixes such as {{my|ထောင်}} ({{IPA|[tʰàʊɴ]}}; thousand), {{my|သောင်း}} ({{IPA|[θáʊɴ]}}; ten thousand), {{my|သိန်း}} ({{IPA|[θéɪɴ]}}; hundred thousand), and {{my|သန်း}} ({{IPA|[θáɴ]}}; million) all shift to ({{IPA|[dàʊɴ]}}; thousand), ({{IPA|[ðáʊɴ]}}; ten thousand), ({{IPA|[ðéɪɴ]}}; hundred thousand), and {{IPA|[ðáɴ]}}; million), respectively.
For six and eight, no pronunciation shift occurs.

These pronunciation shifts are exclusively confined to spoken Burmese and are not spelt any differently.

Ten to a million

Number	Burmese
Number	Numeral	Written	IPA
10	{{my\|၁၀}}	တစ်ဆယ်}}	təsʰɛ̀\|IPA}}¹
11	{{my\|၁၁}}	တစ်ဆယ်တစ်}}	təsʰɛ̰ tɪʔ\|IPA}} or {{IPA-my\|sʰɛʔ tɪʔ\|}}
12	{{my\|၁၂}}	တစ်ဆယ်နှစ်}}	təsʰɛ̰ n̥ɪʔ\|IPA}} or {{IPA-my\|sʰɛʔ n̥ɪʔ\|}}
20	{{my\|၂၀}}	နှစ်ဆယ်}}	n̥əsʰɛ̀\|IPA}}
21	{{my\|၂၁}}	နှစ်ဆယ့်တစ်}}	n̥əsʰɛ̰ tɪʔ\|IPA}} or {{IPA-my\|n̥əsʰɛʔ tɪʔ\|}}
22	{{my\|၂၂}}	နှစ်ဆယ့်နှစ်}}	n̥əsʰɛ̰ n̥ɪʔ\|IPA}} or {{IPA-my\|n̥əsʰɛʔ n̥ɪʔ\|}}
100	{{my\|၁၀၀}}	ရာ}}	jà\|IPA}}
1 000	{{my\|၁၀၀၀}}	ထောင်}}	tʰàʊɴ\|IPA}}¹
10 000	{{my\|၁၀၀၀၀}}	သောင်း}}	θáʊɴ\|IPA}}¹
100 000	{{my\|၁၀၀၀၀၀}}	သိန်း}}	θéɪɴ\|IPA}}¹
1 000 000	{{my\|၁၀၀၀၀၀၀}}	သန်း}}	θáɴ\|IPA}}¹
10 000 000	{{my\|၁၀၀၀၀၀၀၀}}	ကုဋေ}}	ɡədè\|IPA}}
1 × 10¹⁴	.	ကောဋိ}}	kɔ́dḭ\|IPA}}
1 × 10²¹	.	ပကောဋိ}}	pəkɔ́dḭ\|IPA}}
1 × 10²⁸	.	ကောဋိပကောဋိ}}	kɔ́dḭpəkɔ́dḭ\|IPA}}
1 × 10³⁵	.	နဟုတံ}}	nəhoʊ̼ʔtàɴ\|IPA}}
1 × 10⁴²	.	နိန္နဟုတံ}}	neɪɴnəhoʊ̼ʔtàɴ\|IPA}}
1 × 10⁴⁹	.	အက္ခဘေိဏီ}}	ʔɛʔkʰàbènì\|IPA}}
1 × 10⁵⁶	.	ဗိန္ဒု}}	beɪɴdu̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10⁶³	.	အဗ္ဗုဒ}}	àɴbu̼da̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10⁷⁰	.	နိရဗ္ဗုဒ}}	ni̼ràɴbu̼da̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10⁷⁷	.	အဗဗ}}	ʔəbəba̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10⁸⁴	.	အဋဋ}}	ʔətəta̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10⁹¹	.	သောကန္ဓိက}}	θɔ́kàɴdi̼ka̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10⁹⁸	.	ဥပ္ပလ}}	ʔoʊ̯pəla̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10¹⁰⁵	.	ကုမုဒ}}	ku̼mùda̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10¹¹²	.	ပဒုမ}}	pədùma̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10¹¹⁹	.	ပုဏ္ဍရိက}}	pòʊ̯dəri̼ka̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10¹²⁶	.	ကထာန}}	kətàna̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10¹³³	.	မဟာကထာန}}	məhàkətàna̼\|IPA}}
1 × 10¹⁴⁰	.	အသင်္ချေ}}²	əθìɴ tɕʰèi\|IPA}}

¹ Shifts to voiced consonant following three, four, five, and nine.

² Athinche ({{my|အသင်္ချေ}}) sometimes could mean "too large to be counted".

Ten to nineteen are almost always expressed without including {{my|တစ်}} (one).

Another pronunciation rule shifts numerical place name (the tens, hundreds and thousands place) from the low tone to the creaky tone.^[1]

Number places from 10 ({{my|တစ်ဆယ်}}) up to 10⁷ ({{my|ကုဋေ}}) has increment of 10¹. Beyond those Number places, larger number places have increment of 10⁷. 10¹⁴ ({{my|ကောဋိ}}) up to 10¹⁴⁰ ({{my|အသင်္ချေ}}) has increment of 10⁷.
There are totally 27 major number places in Burmese numerals from 1×10⁰ to 10¹⁴⁰
Numbers in the tens place: shift from {{my|ဆယ်}} ({{IPA|[sʰɛ̀]}}, low tone) to {{my|ဆယ့်}} ({{IPA|[sʰɛ̰]}}, creaky tone), except in numbers divisible by ten (10, 20, 30, etc.) In typical speech, the shift goes farther to ({{IPA|[sʰɛʔ]}} or {{IPA|[zɛʔ]}}).
Numbers in the hundreds place: shift from {{my|ရာ}} ({{IPA|[jà]}}, low tone) to {{my|ရာ့}} ({{IPA|[ja̰]}}, creaky tone), except for numbers divisible by 100.
Numbers in the thousands place: shift from {{my|ထောင်}} ({{IPA|[tʰàʊɴ]}}, low tone) to {{my|ထောင့်}} ({{IPA|[tʰa̰ʊɴ]}}, creaky tone), except for numbers divisible by 1000.

Hence, a number like 301 is pronounced {{IPA|[θóʊɴ ja̰ tɪʔ]}} ({{my|သုံးရာ့တစ်}}), while 300 is pronounced {{IPA|[θóʊɴ jà]}} ({{my|သုံးရာ}}).

The digits of a number are expressed in order of decreasing digits place. For example, 1,234,567 is expressed as follows (where the highlighted portions represent numbers whose tone has shifted from low → creaky:

Numeral		1,000,000	200,000	30,000	4,000	500	60	7
Burmese
	IPA	[təθáɴ]}}¹	[n̥əθeɪɴ]}}¹	[θóʊɴ ðáʊɴ]}}	{{IPA\|[lé da̰ʊɴ]}}	{{IPA\|[ŋá ja̰]}}	{{IPA\|[tɕʰaʊʔ sʰɛ̰]}}	[kʰʊ̀ɴ n̥ɪʔ]}}
	Written	တစ်သန်း}}	နှစ်သိန်း}}	သုံးသောင်း}}	{{my\|လေးထောင့်}}	{{my\|ငါးရာ့}}	{{my\|ခြောက်ဆယ့်}}	ခုနစ်}}

¹ When combined with the numeral place, the pronunciations for 1 and 2 shift from a checked tone (glottal stop) to an open vowel ({{IPA|[ə]}}).

Round number rule

When a number is used as an adjective, the standard word order is: number + measure word (e.g. {{my|၅ ခွက်}} for "5 cups"). However, for round numbers (numbers ending in zeroes), the word order is flipped to: measure word + number (e.g. {{my|ပုလင်း ၂၀}}, not {{my|၂၀ ပုလင်း}}, for "20 bottles").^[2] The exception to this rule is the number 10, which follows the standard word order.^[1]

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers, from first to tenth, are Burmese pronunciations of their Pali equivalents.^[1] They are prefixed to the noun. Beyond that, cardinal numbers can be raised to the ordinal by suffixing the particle {{my|မြောက်}} ({{IPA|[mjaʊʔ]}}, lit. "to raise") to the number in the following order: number + measure word + {{my|မြောက်}}.

Ordinal	Burmese		Pali equivalent
Ordinal	Burmese	IPA	Pali equivalent
First	ပထမ}}	pətʰəma̰\|IPA}}	paṭhama^[1]
Second	ဒုတိယ}}	dṵtḭja̰\|IPA}}	dutiya^[1]
Third	တတိယ}}	taʔtḭja̰\|IPA}}	tatiya^[1]
Fourth	စတုတ္ထ}}	zədoʊʔtʰa̰\|IPA}}	catuttha^[1]
Fifth	ပဉ္စမ}}	pjɪ̀ɴsəma̰\|IPA}}	pañcama^[1]
Sixth	ဆဋ္ဌမ}}	sʰaʔtʰa̰ma̰\|IPA}}	chaṭṭhama^[1]
Seventh	သတ္တမ}}	θaʔtəma̰\|IPA}}	sattama^[1]
Eighth	အဋ္ဌမ}}	ʔaʔtʰama̰\|IPA}}	aṭṭhama^[1]
Ninth	နဝမ}}	nəwəma̰\|IPA}}	navama^[1]
Tenth	ဒသမ}}	daʔθəma̰\|IPA}}	dasama^[1]

Decimal and fractional numbers

Colloquially, decimal numbers are formed by saying {{my|ဒသမ}} ({{IPA|[daʔθəma̰]}}, Pali for 'tenth') where the decimal separator is located. For example, 10.1 is {{my|ဆယ် ဒသမ တစ်}} ({{IPA|[sʰè da̰ (daʔ) θəma̰ tɪʔ]}}).

Half (1/2) is expressed primarily by {{my|တစ်ဝက်}} ({{IPA|[təwɛʔ]}}), although {{my|ထက်ဝက်}}, {{my|အခွဲ}} and {{my|အခြမ်း}} are also used. Quarter (1/4) is expressed with {{my|အစိတ်}} ({{IPA|[ʔəseɪʔ]}}) or {{my|တစ်စိတ်}}.

Other fractional numbers are verbally expressed as follows: denominator + {{my|ပုံ}} ({{IPA|[pòʊɴ]}}) + numerator + {{my|ပုံ}}. {{my|ပုံ}} literally translates as "portion." For example, 3/4 would be expressed as {{my|လေးပုံသုံးပုံ}}, literally "of four portions, three portions.

Alternate numbers

Other numbers, not of Tibeto-Burman origin, are also found in the Burmese language, usually from Pali or Sanskrit.^[3] They are exceedingly rare in modern usage.

Number	Pali derivatives	Sanskrit derivatives
1	ဧက}}^[4] ({{IPA\|[ʔèka̰]}}, from Pali ḗka)
2	ဒွိ}}^[4] ({{IPA\|[dwḭ]}}, from Pali dvi)
3	တိ}} (from Pali ti)	တြိ}}^[4] ({{IPA\|[tɹḭ]}}, from Sanskrit tri)
4	စတု}}^[4] ({{IPA\|[zətṵ]}}, from Pali catu)	ဇယ}}^[4] (from Hindi चार)

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³{{cite book|last=Okell|first=John|title=Burmese By Ear|publisher=The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|date=2002|isbn=186013758X|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/bbe/file53735.pdf}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=San San Hnin Tun|title=Colloquial Burmese: The Complete Course for Beginners|publisher=Routledge|date=2014}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Hla Pe|title=Burma: Literature, Historiography, Scholarship, Language, Life, and Buddhism|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|date=1985|pages=64|isbn=9789971988005}}
4. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book|title=Myanmar-English Dictionary|publisher=Myanmar Language Commission|date=1993|isbn=1-881265-47-1|url=http://sealang.net/burmese/}}

External links

3 : Burmese culture|Burmese language|Numerals

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