| 词条 | He (letter) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
He is the fifth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Hē , Hebrew Hē {{hebrew|ה}}, Aramaic Hē , Syriac Hē ܗ, and Arabic {{transl|ar|DIN|Hāʾ}} ه. Its sound value is a voiceless glottal fricative ({{IPA|[h]}}). The proto-Canaanite letter gave rise to the Greek Epsilon, Etruscan 𐌄, Latin E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, Ё, Є and Э. He, like all Phoenician letters, represented a consonant, but the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic equivalents have all come to represent vowel sounds. Origins{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2010}}In Proto-Northwest Semitic there were still three voiceless fricatives: uvular {{transl|sem|ḫ}}, glottal {{transl|sem|h}}, and pharyngeal {{transl|sem|ḥ}}. In the Wadi el-Hol script, these appear to be expressed by derivatives of the following Egyptian hieroglyphs In the Phoenician alphabet, {{transl|sem|ḫayt}} and {{transl|sem|ḥasir}} are merged into Heth "fence", while {{transl|sem|hillul}} is replaced by He "window". Arabic hāʾThe letter is named {{Transl|ar|DIN|hāʾ}}. It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word: {{Arabic alphabet shapes|ه}}{{Transl|ar|DIN|Hāʾ}} is used as a suffix (with the harakat dictated by {{Transl|ar|DIN|ʾIʿrab}}) indicating possession, indicating that the noun marked with the suffix belongs to a specific masculine possessor; for example, {{lang|ar|كِتَاب}} {{Transl|ar|DIN|kitāb}} ("book") becomes {{lang|ar|كِتَابُهُ}} {{Transl|ar|DIN|kitābuhu}} ("his book") with the addition of final {{Transl|ar|DIN|hāʾ}}; the possessor is implied in the suffix. A longer example, {{lang|ar|هُوَ يَقْرَأُ كِتَابَهُ}}, (huwa yaqraʼu kitābahu, "he reads his book") more clearly indicates the possessor. Hāʾ is also used as the Arabic abbreviation for dates following the Islamic era {{sc|ah}}. The {{Transl|ar|DIN|hāʾ}} suffix appended to a verb represents a masculine object (e.g. {{lang|ar|يَقْرَأُهُ}}, {{Transl|ar|DIN|yaqraʾuhu}}, "he reads it"). The feminine form of this construction is in both cases {{lang|ar|ـهَا}} {{Transl|ar|DIN|-hā}}. In Nastaʿlīq the letter has its own particular shapes. As Urdu and other languages of Pakistan are usually written in Nastaʿlīq, they normally employ those shapes, which are given an independent code point (U+06C1) for compatibility: {{Arabic alphabet shapes|ہ}}For aspiration Urdu and other languages of Pakistan use a special form of hāʾ, called in Urdu do chashmī he ("two-eyed he"): {{Arabic alphabet shapes|ھ}}Many Turkic languages of Central Asia like Uyghur as well as Kurdish use the modification of the letter for front vowels /{{IPA link|æ}}/ or /{{IPA link|ɛ}}/. This has its own code point (U+06D5). To distinguish it from Arabic hāʾ /h/ the letter lacks its initial and medial forms: {{Arabic alphabet shapes|ە}}Hebrew Hei
Hebrew spelling: {{hebrew|הֵא}} PronunciationIn modern Hebrew, the letter represents a voiced glottal fricative {{IPA|/ɦ/}}, and may also be dropped, although this pronunciation is seen as substandard. Also, in many variant Hebrew pronunciations the letter may represent a glottal stop. In word-final position, Hei is used to indicate an a-vowel, usually that of qamatz ( {{Hebrew|1=ָ}} ), and in this sense functions like Aleph, Vav, and Yud as a mater lectionis, indicating the presence of a long vowel. Hei, along with Aleph, Ayin, Reish, and Khet, cannot receive a dagesh. Nonetheless, it does receive a marking identical to the dagesh, to form Hei-mappiq ({{Hebrew|הּ}}). Although indistinguishable for most modern speakers or readers of Hebrew, the mapiq is placed in a word-final Hei to indicate that the letter is not merely a mater lectionis but the consonant should be aspirated in that position. It is generally used in Hebrew to indicate the third-person feminine singular genitive marker. Today, such a pronunciation only occurs in religious contexts and even then often only by careful readers of the scriptures. Significance of HeiIn gematria, Hei symbolizes the number five, and when used at the beginning of Hebrew years, it means 5000 (i.e. התשנ״ד in numbers would be the date 5754). Attached to words, Hei may have three possible meanings:
In modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of he, out of all the letters, is 8.18%. Hei, representing five in gematria, is often found on amulets, symbolizing the five fingers of a hand, a very common talismanic symbol. In JudaismHei is often used to represent the name of God as an abbreviation for Hashem, which means The Name and is a way of saying God without actually saying the name of God. In print, Hashem is usually written as Hei with a geresh: {{Hebrew|ה׳}}. Syriac Heh
In the Syriac alphabet, the fifth letter is {{lang|syr|ܗ}} — Heh ({{lang|syr|ܗܹܐ}}). It is pronounced as an [h]. At the end of a word with a point above it, it represents the third-person feminine singular suffix. Without the point, it stands for the masculine equivalent. Standing alone with a horizontal line above it, it is the abbreviation for either hānoh ({{lang|syr|ܗܵܢܘܿ}}), meaning 'this is' or 'that is', or halelûya ({{lang|syr|ܗܵܠܹܠܘܼܝܵܐ}}). As a numeral, He represents the number five. Character encodings{{charmap|05D4|name1=Hebrew Letter He |0647|name2=Arabic Letter Heh |0717|name3=Syriac Letter He |0804|name4=Samaritan Letter Iy }}{{charmap |10385|name1=Ugaritic Letter Ho |10844|name2=Imperial Aramaic Letter He |10904|name3=Phoenician Letter He }} External links{{commonscat|ה}}{{Hebrew language}}{{Arabic language}}{{Northwest Semitic abjad}}هHe (harf) 3 : Phoenician alphabet|Arabic letters|Hebrew alphabet |
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