“Bushfires in Victoria”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The state of Victoria in Australia has had a long history of catastrophic bushfires, the most recent of these, the Black Saturday bushfires of 2009 claiming 173 lives. Legislation, planning, management and suppression are the responsibilities of the Victorian State Government through its departments and agencies including the Country Fire Authority (CFA) and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP).

Fire districts

The districts were reconfigured together with weather forecast districts so that they share common alignments. The revised alignments follow Local Government Authority boundaries, except in Yarriambiack Shire. The new alignments came into effect on 3 November 2010.^[2] Total Fire Bans & Fire Danger Ratings maps reflect predictions of the relative danger of bushfire conditions in each district and are communicated to the general public through weather forecasts and the Country Fire Authority and Department of Environment and Primary Industries internet sites during the fire season.^[3] The ratings are Low-Moderate, High, Very High, Severe, Extreme and Code Red.^[4]

Fire management

Suppression

A number of agencies are responsible for bushfire suppression in Victoria - the Country Fire Authority (CFA) which is a statewide volunteer-based organisation, the Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning (DELWP) who are responsible for public land, covering one third of the state and the Metropolitan Fire Brigade (MFB), which covers the metropolitan area of Melbourne.^[5]

Bushfire warnings

Once fires have started, the Country Fire Authority give graded warnings through various means to areas of settlements that may be affected by the fire. These warnings are distributed as messages detailing the status of the fire, its potential movements and give advice to residents in areas that may be affected. They are as follows:^[6]

Current bushfire incidents and warnings are listed on the VicEmergency website launched in December 2013,^[7] Information is also available through the CFA's Twitter and Facebook sites as well as the FireReady app.^[6]

A 90-second siren at a CFA fire station indicates that CFA members are attending an emergency incident. A prolonged, 5-minute siren is targeted at the local community, indicating that there is an emergency in the area and further information should be sought.^[6]

Fuel-reduction burning

Planning

Bushfire Management Overlays

Bushfire Management Overlays are areas identified in planning schemes within each of the Local Government Areas of Victoria that are deemed to have high fire risk. These areas are subject to particular planning and building controls.^[9]

Vegetation removal

Following the Black Saturday bushfires of 2009, interim measures were introduced by the State Government to permit vegetation removal in bushfire prone areas. The exemptions include removal of vegetation (including trees) within 10 metres of existing residences as well as all vegetation (excluding trees) within 30 metres. The measures expire on 1 March 2012.^[10]

Building standards

The Victorian Government has adopted the residential building Australian Standard 3959-2009 to cover the location, design, construction of new dwellings in bushfire prone areas. The new standard includes consideration of Bushfire Attack Levels which are based on a number of factors including slope, proximity of vegetation and Fire Danger Index.^[11] New interim regulations have also been introduced for the construction of private bushfire shelters or bunkers.^[12]

Community Information Guides

The CFA, in consultation with councils and stakeholder groups, have developed Community Information Guides for locations in Victoria that are deemed to be in high risk areas. These are mailed to residents and are available on the CFA website. The guides provide emergency contact details, a map and information on preparations, planned emergency service actions and bushfire survival options. Some of these guides include designated Neighbourhood Safer Places which are sanctuaries of "last resort" during a bushfire emergency.^[13]

Common causes

Common causes of bushfire, figures for Victoria over a 20-year period.^[14] Lightning is the most common cause, igniting the highest number of bushfires, which subsequently account for nearly half of the area burnt by bushfires in the state. Deliberately lit fires are the next most common, although burn much less area than fires ignited by lightning. Public utilities, such as powerlines, ignite relatively few fires, but these subsequently burn similar area to that of deliberately lit fires.

Cigarettes, matches and such, ignite a fair few fires, mostly in and around urban areas, and thus burn small areas of land as they are attended to more easily in the more accessible terrain. Many fires are caused by many other less common ignition sources or have unknown causes.

By number of fires

By area burnt

Major Victorian Bushfires

Most extensive fires

Deadliest fires

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Find your fire district|publisher=Country Fire Authority|url=http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/warnings-restrictions/find-your-fire-district/|accessdate=19 October 2013}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Total Fire Ban (TFB) and weather forecast district boundaries Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/weather-services/about/service-changes/vic_tfb_boundaries_changes2010.shtml | accessdate=30 October 2010}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Bans & Ratings FAQ | publisher=CFA|url=http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/warnings-restrictions/bans-and-rating-faqs/ | accessdate=19 October 2013}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=About Fire Danger Ratings|publisher=CFA|url=http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/warnings-restrictions/about-fire-danger-ratings/ | accessdate=19 October 2013}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management|publisher=Council of Australian Governments|url=http://www.coagbushfireenquiry.gov.au/findings.htm|accessdate=30 October 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803071306/http://www.coagbushfireenquiry.gov.au/findings.htm|archivedate=3 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}
6. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|title=About warnings | publisher=CFA | url=http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/warnings-restrictions/about-warnings|accessdate=29 November 2012}}
7. ^{{cite news|title=Vic's FireReady app overhauled|url=http://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/vics-fireready-app-overhauled/story-e6frfku9-1226783891027|date=16 December 2013|accessdate= 20 December 2013|agency=AAP}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Planned burning |publisher=Department of Environment and Primary Industries|url=http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/fire-and-emergencies/planned-burns| accessdate=19 October 2013}}
9. ^{{cite web| title=Statutory planning - Bushfire Management Overlay| publisher=Country Fire Authority| url=http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/plan-prepare/statutory-planning--bushfire-management-overlay/| accessdate=19 October 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019212730/http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/plan-prepare/statutory-planning--bushfire-management-overlay/#| archive-date=19 October 2013| dead-url=yes| df=dmy-all}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Bushfire Vegetation Management - Vegetation protection controls and management|publisher=City of Manningham|url=http://www.manningham.vic.gov.au/action/NOTEMPLATE?s=0,pURL=vegetation_management,|accessdate=30 October 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220071130/http://manningham.vic.gov.au/action/NOTEMPLATE?s=0%2CpURL%3Dvegetation_management%2C|archivedate=20 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=New Residential Building Standard and your Bushfire Attack Level (BAL)|publisher=Building Commission of Victoria|url=http://www.buildingcommission.com.au/www/html/2421-new-residential-building-standard-and-your-bushfire-attack-level-bal.asp|accessdate=30 October 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222174156/http://www.buildingcommission.com.au/www/html/2421-new-residential-building-standard-and-your-bushfire-attack-level-bal.asp|archivedate=22 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Private Bushfire Shelters|publisher=Building Commission of Victoria|url=http://www.buildingcommission.com.au/www/html/2438-private-bushfire-shelters.asp|accessdate=30 October 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020135343/http://www.buildingcommission.com.au/www/html/2438-private-bushfire-shelters.asp|archivedate=20 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Community information guides FAQ | publisher=CFA | date=8 December 2012 | url=http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/plan-prepare/community-information-guides-faq| accessdate=8 December 2012}}
14. ^Victorian DSE {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803181440/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrenfoe.nsf/childdocs/-D79E4FB0C437E1B6CA256DA60008B9EF-3D569492B50F5A78CA256DA600095F56?open |date=3 August 2008 }}