词条 | Business network |
释义 |
A business network is a complex network of companies, working together to accomplish certain objectives.[1] These objectives, which are strategic and operational, are adopted by business networks based on their role in the market. There are two categories of business networks — business associations and company aggregations — that help small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) to become more competitive and innovative.[2] DefinitionSeveral descriptions of business networks stipulate different types of characteristics:
StudyIn the late 20th century, the study of business networks emerged in the field of industrial markets.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Researchers analyzed the transactions and communications beneath the visible flows of products, inquiries, sales visits and negotiations, and beyond the visible growth and prosperity of some companies and failure of others.[7] Snehota and Hakansson (1995) explain: For more than twenty years, we have analyzed business networks for answers to the many questions about industrial markets. Unlike consumer markets, industrial markets are not generally known to the public, nor to many management scholars. We have been surprised by the complexity of industrial markets and at the same time by the apparent smoothness of their working. Gradually, we have acquired respect for their importance and complexity and learned how they work.[7] Another study on business networks was carried out by Ecorys between 2013 and 2014. This study was specific to EU-level business networks and was financed by the European Commission. The main objective of the study was to investigate and highlight the new forms of inter-firm collaboration and to propose possible measures to support and coordinate them in Europe where and if appropriate. This study included the objectives and categorization of business networks.[2] ObjectivesBusiness networks have two types of objectives — strategic and operational — that are adopted depending on the role of the business network in the market.[2] Strategic objectivesStrategic objectives are focused on long term activities, such as:
Operational objectivesOperational objectives are diverse and include:
CategorizationBusiness networks can be divided into two main categories: business associations and company aggregations.[2] Business associationsBusiness associations — also called business networks as business associations — provide member companies with a platform and conditions for cooperation to meet an objective. The companies decide if they want to cooperate to achieve that objective. Business associations create a level playing field for cooperation among companies. They have a stable and well-functioning governance structure. The members may pay a fee to the association. In return, the business association monitors and meets the needs of their members and proactively develops and provides new services. This is the key task of business associations. Business associations provide services that are generally more professional, extensive, and cost effective compared to services offered by individual members. In a business association, there is a direct link between the business association (central body) and each of its constituent members. This is displayed with solid bidirectional arrows (refer to Figure 1). The members may or may not choose to cooperate with each other, displayed with dashed lines between companies. Business associations are further categorized by sector or by location and scope. Company aggregationsCompany aggregations — also called business networks as company aggregations — are formed by companies, which decide to cooperate and aggregate. Unlike business associations, these companies have already taken the decision to work together on a joint set of objectives. In a company aggregation, companies collaborate directly with each other without a representative and/or a servicing association. The aggregation of the companies can be formalized through a business contract. Company aggregations have two forms of cooperation: horizontal and vertical. (refer to Figure 2)
Business network modelThe characteristics of a business network model are:
Business network companies — that is, platform and network-based companies — outperform traditional companies. Some of the advantages of business network companies are:[8][9]
Some companies that follow a business network model include Trepup, eBay, Red Hat, Visa, Uber, TripAdvisor, Alibaba.[8] Difference between business networks, clusters, and joint venturesDifference between clusters and business networksClusters are a network of connected businesses, suppliers, and associates in a specific field that are all located in the same geographical area.[10] Conversely, companies in a business network are not bound by geographical locations or sectors, and can be focused around any specific objective.[2] Difference between joint ventures and business networksA joint venture is a new legal entity created by two or more companies, generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks, and shared governance. The companies come together to accomplish a specific task, such as a project or a business activity.[11] In a business network, on the other hand, the autonomy of each of the companies is preserved and no new legal entity is formed. The companies capitalize on the network to create opportunities and expand their individual business interests.[2] See also
References1. ^Ford, David, Lars-Erik Gadde, and Håkan Håkansson. Managing business relationships. (2003). {{Business organizations}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/5563/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/pdf Business Networks - Ecorys - European Commission] 3. ^Jeffrey Word (2009). Business Network Transformation: Strategies to Reconfigure Your Business Relationships for Competitive Advantage. p. 198 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fatrank.com/why-networking-is-vitally-important/|title=Why Networking is Vitally Important {{!}} Synergy with Others|last=|first=|date=2016-10-13|website=FatRank|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title=Smart Business Networks|last=Peter H.M. Vervest, Eric van Heck, Kenneth Preiss, Louis-Francois Pau|first=|publisher=|year=2005|isbn=|location=|pages=20}} 6. ^Lundy Lewis (2001) Managing Business and Service Networks. p. 138 7. ^1 Snehota, Ivan, and Hakan Hakansson, eds. Developing relationships in business networks. Londres: Routledge, 1995. p. xii 8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://hbr.org/2014/11/what-airbnb-uber-and-alibaba-have-in-common|title=What Airbnb, Uber, and Alibaba Have in Common|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://news.wharton.upenn.edu/press-releases/2016/06/networks-and-platform-based-business-models-win-in-the-digital-age-according-to-a-new-study-by-the-wharton-school-of-the-university-of-pennsylvanias-sei-center-for-advanced-studies-in-m/|title=Networks and Platform Based Business Models Win in the Digital Age, According to a New Study by the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania’s SEI Center for Advanced Studies in Management|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business-cluster.html|title=Business Dictionary - Business cluster|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/j/jointventure.asp|title=Investopedia - Joint Venture|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 2 : Business terms|Networks |
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