| 词条 | Helix (gastropod) |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range= {{fossil range|Oligocene|Recent}} | image = Helix pomatia 89a.jpg | image_caption = Helix pomatia | taxon = Helix | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | type_species = Helix pomatia | type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text | synonyms =
}}Helix is a genus of large, air-breathing land snails native to Europe and the Mediterranean region. They are the type genus of the family Helicidae and among the first animal genera described by Carl Linnaeus.[1] Members of the genus first appeared during the Oligocene.[2] Like most land snails, Helix species are hermaphroditic, and like other helicids a courting pair will impale each other with hormone-rich love darts prior to exchanging sperm. Well-known species include Helix pomatia (Roman snail, Burgundy snail, or edible snail) and Helix lucorum (Turkish snail). Cornu aspersum (garden snail) – another well-known helicid – was originally described as a member of Helix (as "Helix aspersa"), but the prevailing classification places it in the sister genus Cornu.[1]Helix snails have been harvested for human consumption since prehistoric times.[3] In the common era, members of the genus (particularly H. pomatia) are farmed throughout the world for the dish escargot, an hors d'oeuvre. The establishment of snail farms outside of Europe has introduced several species to North America, South America, and Africa, where some escapees have established themselves as invasive species.[4][5][6][7] SpeciesSubgenera and species within the genus Helix include today: Subgenus Helix
Subgenus Pelasga
Subgenus Cornu
Subgenus ?
Some taxonomists remove the species "Helix aperta", "Helix aspersa", and "Helix mazzullii" from the genus Helix and place them in their own monotypic genera as Cantareus apertus, Cornu aspersum[13] and Cantareus mazzullii. At the beginning in the mid-1700s the generic name Helix had been used for almost all terrestrial gastropods, later this was restricted to species with helicoid habitus, including zonitids and other groups. In the course of the 1800s more groups were removed, but prior to 1900 several thousand helicid and hygromiid species of Europe and abroad had still been classified in the genus Helix.[14][15] It was only in the early 1900s that the genus was split up into many separate genera, leaving only some 30 species closely related to its type species Helix pomatia in the genus Helix. External featuresIn addition to the hard calcareous shell that covers and protects the internal organs, the head and foot region can be observed when the snails are fully extended. When they are active, the organs such as the lung, heart, kidney and intestines remain inside the shell; only the head and foot emerge. The head of the snail has two pairs of tentacles: the upper and larger pair contain the eyes, and the lower pair are used to feel the ground in front. The mouth is located just underneath the head. The tentacles can be withdrawn or extended depending on the situation. The mouth has a tongue called a "radula" that is composed of many fine chitinous teeth. This serves for rasping and cutting food. BehaviourFrom April through the northern summer, the number of snails copulating increases due to the higher temperature and humidity, which enhance the possibility of oviposition. The pulmonate snails are hermaphroditic, meaning that both female and male sexual organs are present in the same individual. The snails produce both eggs and sperm in the ovotestis (also called the hermaphrodite gland), but it is later separated into two divisions, a sperm duct and oviduct, respectively. Mating takes several hours, sometimes a day. H. aspersa snails stab a calcite spine, known as a "love dart", at their partner. The love dart is coated with a mucus that contains a chemical that enables more than twice as many sperm to survive inside the recipient. A few days after mating, the eggs are laid in the soil. The eggs are usually 4–6 mm in diameter. After snails hatch from the egg, they mature in one or more years, depending on where the organism lives. Maturity takes two years in Southern California, while it takes only ten months in South Africa. The size of the adult snails slightly varies with species. H. aspersa grows up to 35 mm in height and width, whereas H. pomatia grows up to 45 mm. The life span of snails in the wild is on average two or three years. Some snails may live longer, perhaps even 30 years or older in the case of the Roman snail[16] but most live less than 8 years. Many deaths are due to predators and parasites. Since its publication in March 1974 issue of Natural History[17] an estimate for the highest speed of garden snail equal to 0.03 mph (1.3 cm/s) became popular.[18] However, the accuracy of this estimate has been questioned by Robert Cameron, who pointed out, that in competitions between snails only 2.4 mm/s speed had been achieved.[19] There is a need for clarification and behavioural observation here though: competitions are usually held on the flat, whereas a snail's natural preference is vertical ascent, possibly an instinct derived from hatching in an earth 'pod' and having to climb upwards to the surface. RespirationSince snails in the genus Helix are terrestrial rather than fresh-water or marine, they have developed a simple lung for respiration. (Most other snails and gastropods have gills, instead.) Oxygen is carried by the blood pigment hemocyanin. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of blood through the capillaries. A muscular valve regulates the process of opening and closing the entrance of the lung. When the valve opens, the air can either leave or come into the lung. The valve plays an important role in reducing water loss and preventing drowning. EcologyHelix snails prefer cool, damp environments, as they easily suffer moisture loss. Snails are most active at night and after rainfall. During unfavourable conditions, a snail will remain inside its shell, usually under rocks or other hiding places, to avoid being discovered by predators. In dry climates snails will naturally congregate near water sources, including artificial sources such as waste-water outlets of air conditioners. The common garden snail (Helix aspersa) is herbivorous. These snails are able to digest most vegetation including carrots and lettuce. They also have a specialized crop of symbiotic bacteria that aid in their digestion, especially with the breakdown of the polysaccharide cellulose into simple sugars. Many predators, both specialist and generalist, feed on snails. Some animals, such as the song thrush, break the shell of the snail by hammering it against a hard object, such as stone, in order to expose its edible insides. Other predators, such as some species of frogs, circumvent the need to break snail shells by simply swallowing the snail whole, shell and all. Some carnivorous species of snails, such as the decollate snail and the rosy wolf snail, also prey on Helix snails. Such carnivorous snails are commercially grown and sold in order to combat pest snail species. Many of these also escape into the wild, where they prey on indigenous snails, such as the Cuban land snails of the genus Polymita, and the indigenous snails of Hawaii. Edible snails{{See also|Snail#Human use: land snails as food}}H. pomatia and H. aspersa are the two edible species that are most used in European cuisine. Spanish cuisine also uses Otala punctata, Theba pisana and Iberus gualterianus alonensis, amongst others. The process of snail farming is called heliciculture. Escargots are often traditionally served as appetizers. They may also be used as ingredients in other recipes. Snails contain many nutrients. They are rich in calcium and also contain vitamin B1 and E. They contain various essential amino acids, and are low in calories and fat. References1. ^1 Rosenberg, G.; Bouchet, P. (2014). Helix Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153970 on 2015-02-24 {{Commons category|Helix}}{{taxonbar|from=Q1937315}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Helix (Gastropod)}}2. ^Ivanov M., Hrdličková, S. & Gregorová, R. (2001) Encyklopedie zkamenělin. – Rebo Productions, Dobřejovice, 1. vydání, 312 pp., page 126. (in Czech) 3. ^A. Eastham, Alastair Small, Michael Ross MadceqrefvrevrecKinnon, Stephen G. Monckton, David S. Reese, Robert J. Buck (2002) The Excavations of San Giovanni Di Ruoti: The Faunal and Plant Remains, University of Toronto Press, 232 pages {{ISBN|0-8020-4865-X}} 4. ^Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 in GBIF Secretariat (2017). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-12-08. 5. ^Rumi, A., Sánchez, J., & Ferrando, N. S. (2010). Theba pisana (Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda, Helicidae) and other alien land molluscs species in Argentina. Biological Invasions, 12(9), 2985–2990. doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9715-x 6. ^USDA (Robinson D.G., Redmond L. and Hennessey R.) (1998). Importation and interstate movement of live, edible land snails: Cantareus apertus (Born), Cryptomphalus aspersus (Müller), Eobania vermiculata (Müller), Helix pomatia Linné, and Otala lactea (Müller) (Pulmonata: Helicidae): qualitative pest risk assessment. 7. ^Herbert D.G. 2010. The introduced terrestrial mollusca of South Africa. Published by South African National Biodiversity Institute Libraries. Vol. 15. pp. 120. 8. ^Sysoev, A. & Schileyko, A. 2009. Land snails and slugs of Russia and adjacent countries. - pp. 1-312, Fig. 1-142. Sofia. (Pensoft). 9. ^Mumladze L., Tarkhnishvili D. & Pokryszko B.M. 2008. A new species of the genus Helix from the Lesser Caucasus (sw Georgia). Journal of Conchology, volume: 39, part 5, page 483, published June 2008. abstract{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 10. ^Mylonas, M. 1996. Helix godetiana. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 11. ^Frias-Martin, A. 1996. Helix obruta. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 12. ^Heller, J. 1996. Helix texta. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 13. ^The Cornu Problem {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927030138/http://www.weichtiere.at/english/gastropoda/terrestrial/escargot/cornu.html |date=27 September 2007 }} 14. ^[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41063 Westerlund, C. A. 1889.] Fauna der in der paläarctischen Region (Europa, Kaukasien, Sibirien, Turan, Persien, Kurdistan, Armenien, Mesopotamien, Kleinasien, Syrien, Arabien, Egypten, Tripolis, Tunesien, Algerien und Marocco) lebenden Binnenconchylien. II. Gen. Helix. - pp. 1-473, 1-31, 1-8. Berlin. (Friedländer). 15. ^[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47266 Pfeiffer, L. & Clessin, S. 1881.] Nomenclator heliceorum viventium quo continetur nomina omnium hujus familiae generum et specierum hodie cognitarum, disposita ex affinitate naturali. - pp. 1-617. Cassellis. (Fischer). 16. ^The Roman Snail, Helix pomatia {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124155608/http://www.weichtiere.at/Mollusks/Schnecken/weinberg.html |date=24 November 2005 }} 17. ^{{cite journal|first=David P.|last=Willoughby|title=Running and Jumping|journal=Natural History|volume=83|year=1974|issue=3|pages=71}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/AngieYee.shtml|title=Speed of a Snail|first=Angie|last=Yee|year=1999|work=The Physics Factbook|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041203/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/AngieYee.shtml|archivedate=4 February 2012|df=dmy-all}} 19. ^{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Cameron|title=Slugs and Snails|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYT8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28|series=Collins New Naturalist Library, Book 133|publisher=HarperCollins}} 4 : Helicidae|Helix (gastropod)|Gastropod genera|Extant Oligocene first appearances |
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