| 词条 | Byers Peninsula |
| 释义 |
HistoryThe feature was named by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee in 1958 for James Byers, a New York shipowner who tried unsuccessfully in August 1820 to induce the United States Government to found a settlement in and take possession of the South Shetland Islands. Byers organized and sent out a fleet of American sealers from New York to the South Shetland Islands in 1820–21. It was visited by early 19th century American and British sealers who came almost exclusively from New England, New York and England. They operated on President Beaches, Robbery Beaches and South Beaches, and built dwellings and shelter such as those still preserved at Sealer Hill and Lair Point.[3] Antarctic Specially Protected AreaThe peninsula has been designated an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 126) for its outstanding environmental values (specifically its biological diversity and terrestrial and lake ecosystems), and a combination of other values including scientific (terrestrial biology, limnology, ornithology, palaeolimnology, geomorphology and geology), historic (artefacts and refuge remains of early sealers) and wilderness values. It has diverse and well-developed vegetation, numerous lakes and freshwater pools which support the restricted-range insects Parochlus steinenii and Belgica antarctica, and well-preserved sub-fossil whale bones in raised beaches. It also has the greatest concentration of historical sites in Antarctica, containing the remains of refuges, with their contemporary artefacts, and shipwrecks of early 19th century sealing expeditions.[4] The eastern boundary of the protected area was shifted eastwards to 60º53'45"W in 2016 to include besides Byers Peninsula also all ice-free ground and ice sheet west of Clark Nunatak and Rowe Point, increasing the overall surface area of the protected territory to {{convert|84.7|km2|abbr=on}}.[6] Excepting Vardim Rocks, no offshore islets or rocks are protected. In particular, Rugged Island, Window Island and Astor Island are not protected. Two restricted zones in the protected territory that are of scientific importance to Antarctic microbiology have been further designated with greater restriction placed on access with the aim of preventing microbial or other contamination by human activity: Ray Promontory in the west, and northwestern Rotch Dome, northern Urvich Wall Ridge and adjacent deglaciated ground on Ivanov Beach in the east.[5] Important Bird AreaThe protected territory ASPA 126 Byers Peninsula has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports breeding colonies of Antarctic terns (1760 pairs) and kelp gulls (450 pairs). Other birds nesting on the peninsula include chinstrap and gentoo penguins, Wilson's and black-bellied storm petrels, Cape petrels, southern giant petrels, imperial shags, brown skuas and snowy sheathbills. Large numbers of southern elephant seals haul out during their breeding season.[6] See also
Maps
In fictionByers Peninsula is part of the mise-en-scène in the Antarctica thriller novel The Killing Ship authored by Elizabeth Cruwys and Beau Riffenburgh under their joint alias Simon Beaufort in 2016.[7][8] Notes1. ^L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-9-5}} (First edition 2009. {{ISBN|978-954-92032-6-4}}) 2. ^Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 126 Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands. SCAR Bulletin 150, July 2003. 3. ^1 L. Ivanov. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318420186_General_Geography_and_History_of_Livingston_Island General Geography and History of Livingston Island.] In: Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015. pp. 17-28. {{ISBN|978-954-07-3939-7}} 4. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt/Att185_e.pdf|title= Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands |accessdate=2013-10-02 |work=Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 126: Measure 1|first= |last= |publisher=Antarctic Treaty Secretariat |year=2002}} 5. ^1 Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 126 Byers Peninsula. Measure 4 (2016), ATCM XXXIX Final Report. Santiago, 2016. 6. ^Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island. BirdLife data zone: Important Bird Areas. BirdLife International, 2019 7. ^S. Beaufort. [https://books.google.bg/books?id=950bDQAAQBAJ The Killing Ship.] Sutton, Surrey: Severn House Publishers, 2016. 224 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-7278-8639-2}} 8. ^[https://www.susannagregory.com/simonbeaufort/the-killing-ship/ The Killing Ship.] Susanna Gregory Website, 2019 References
4 : Peninsulas of Livingston Island|Antarctic Specially Protected Areas|Important Bird Areas of Antarctica|Seabird colonies |
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