| 词条 | Byrd Station |
| 释义 |
| name = Byrd Station | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = Former Antarctic base | image_skyline = Byrd Station.PNG | imagesize = 300 | image_caption = Sleds pulled by snowmobiles or dogs provided transportation between camps McMurdo Station right background (around 1960). | image_flag = | flag_size = 110px | flag_border = no | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | mapsize = 350px | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Antarctica | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Byrd Station in Antarctica | pushpin_map_caption = Location of the former Byrd Station in Antarctica | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|80|00|53|S|119|33|56|W|region:AQ|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|United States}} | subdivision_type1 = Location in Antarctica | subdivision_name1 = Marie Byrd Land West Antarctica | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Administered by | subdivision_name3 = United States Navy | established_title = Established | established_date = {{start date|1957|1|1|df=y}} | extinct_title = Evacuated | extinct_date = 2004–05 | named_for = Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric | area_rural_footnotes = | area_metro_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 1553 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | blank_name_sec1 = Type | blank_info_sec1 = All-year round until 1972 | blank1_name_sec1 = Type | blank1_info_sec1 = Seasonal until 2005 | blank2_name_sec1 = Status | blank2_info_sec1 = Closed | blank_name_sec2 = Facilities | blank_info_sec2 = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} The Byrd Station is a former research station established by the United States during the International Geophysical Year by the U.S. Navy during Operation Deep Freeze II in West Antarctica.[5] HistoryA joint Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines operation supported an overland tractor train traverse that left out of Little America V in late 1956 to establish the station. The train was led by Army Major Merle Dawson and completed a traverse of {{convert|646|mi|km}} over unexplored country in Marie Byrd Land to blaze a trail to a spot selected beforehand. The station consisted of a set of four prefabricated buildings and was erected in less than one month by U.S. Navy Seabees.[6] It was commissioned on January 1, 1957. The original station ("Old Byrd") lasted about four years before it began to collapse under the snow. Construction of a second underground station in a nearby location began in 1960, and it was used until 1972. The Operation Deep Freeze activities were succeeded by "Operation Deep Freeze II", and so on, continuing a constant US presence in Antarctica since that date. The Coast Guard participated, USCGC Northwind supported the mission throughout the 1970s, 1971-72, 1972-73, 1976-77, 1979-80. The Navy's Antarctic Development Squadron Six had been flying scientific and military missions to Greenland and the arctic compound's Williams Field since 1975. In early 1996, the United States National Guard announced that the 109th Airlift Wing at Schenectady County Airport in Scotia, New York was slated to assume that entire mission from the United States Navy in 1999. The 109th operated ski-equipped LC-130s had been flying National Science Foundation support missions to Antarctica since 1988. The Antarctic operation would be fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The 109th expected to add approximately 235 full-time personnel to support that operation.[7]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=March 2018}}The station was then converted into a summer-only field camp until it was abandoned in 2004-05.[5] John P. Turtle, an aurora researcher at Byrd Station in 1962, gave his name to Turtle Peak. The National Science Foundation, which manages the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP), had plans as of June 2009 to build a new camp to support a number of scientific projects in West Antarctica, including work at Pine Island Glacier. The camp, located about 1,400 kilometers from the USAP's main facility, McMurdo Station, will support up to 50 people and will be used mainly as a "glorified" gas station to support flights in the region. A second field camp near Pine Island Glacier, for a project led by NASA scientist Robert Bindschadler, was also planned. That facility will support helicopter operations to the ice shelf.[8][9] ClimateIn recent years the station has recorded a warming trend, with warming fastest in its winter and spring. The spot which is in the heart of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is one of the fastest-warming places on Earth.[10] {{Weather box|location = Byrd Station |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 5.0 |Feb record high C = -3.3 |Mar record high C = -8.9 |Apr record high C = 6 |May record high C = -8.3 |Jun record high C = -10.6 |Jul record high C = -12.2 |Aug record high C = -13.9 |Sep record high C = -10.0 |Oct record high C = -12.8 |Nov record high C = -6.1 |Dec record high C = 1.1 |year record high C = 6 |Jan mean C = -14.6 |Feb mean C = -20.1 |Mar mean C = -27.5 |Apr mean C = -30.0 |May mean C = -33.1 |Jun mean C = -34.4 |Jul mean C = -35.4 |Aug mean C = -36.3 |Sep mean C = -37.3 |Oct mean C = -31.5 |Nov mean C = -21.9 |Dec mean C = -15.4 |year mean C = -28.1 |Jan record low C = -28.9 |Feb record low C = -40.0 |Mar record low C = -51.1 |Apr record low C = -56.7 |May record low C = -61.7 |Jun record low C = -61.1 |Jul record low C = -60.6 |Aug record low C = -62.2 |Sep record low C = -62.2 |Oct record low C = -58.3 |Nov record low C = -43.3 |Dec record low C = -34.4 |year record low C = -62.2 |Jan precipitation mm = 6 |Feb precipitation mm = 4 |Mar precipitation mm = 2 |Apr precipitation mm = 1 |May precipitation mm = 5 |Jun precipitation mm = 3 |Jul precipitation mm = 2 |Aug precipitation mm = 1 |Sep precipitation mm = 0 |Oct precipitation mm = 1 |Nov precipitation mm = 2 |Dec precipitation mm = 3 |year precipitation mm = 30 |Jan snow cm = 5.1 |Feb snow cm = 3.0 |Mar snow cm = 2.3 |Apr snow cm = 0.5 |May snow cm = 1.8 |Jun snow cm = 1.0 |Jul snow cm = 0.8 |Aug snow cm = 0.3 |Sep snow cm = 0.0 |Oct snow cm = 0.3 |Nov snow cm = 0.0 |Dec snow cm = 1.3 |year snow cm = |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 2.4 |Feb precipitation days = 1.3 |Mar precipitation days = 0.5 |Apr precipitation days = 0.3 |May precipitation days = 1.2 |Jun precipitation days = 1.3 |Jul precipitation days = 0.5 |Aug precipitation days = 0.3 |Sep precipitation days = 0.0 |Oct precipitation days = 0.0 |Nov precipitation days = 0.6 |Dec precipitation days = 1.1 |year precipitation days = 9.5 |source 1 = NOAA[11] |date=August 2010 }} See also
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