| 词条 | C21orf59 |
| 释义 |
C21orf59 is a protein of unknown function. It is of interest in part for its association with various diseases. It has been found in high levels in the bone marrow of patients with a negative prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia and an abnormal karyotype.[1][2][3] Male Alzheimer's patients have shown a decrease in expression of C21orf59 in their blood cells.[4][5] The C21orf59 gene lies within the critical region of Down Syndrome.[6] There are no clear paralogs in humans, but the gene has homologues widely conserved among animals, fungi, and algae. GeneC21orf59 is a gene found on the 21st chromosome at 21q22.1. A total of thirteen splice variants have been found, but only eleven protein coding ones.[7] The most common form of C21orf59 mRNA has 1427 base pairs broken into seven exons. Its closest neighbors on the chromosome are TCP10L, FAM176C, LOC100506185, OR7E23P, and SYNJ1. Gene ExpressionThe C21orf59 primary sequence is found in high quantity in most tissues. Some tissues with notable less expression are the ganglions, the heart, and the liver.[8] It is suspected C21orf59 is found in the brain early in development due to the two achaete-scute complex homologue transcription factor binding sites found in the promoter.[9] ProteinThe C21orf59 primary sequence consists of 290 amino acids with mass 33.093 kDa. The isoelectric point is 7.283, but is reduced to 5.86 if fully phosphorylated.[10] Several post-translational modifications have been found by mass spectroscopy: five phosphorylation sites, one methylation site, one ubiquitination site, and one acetylation site.[10] Most of these modifications happen in the latter half of the protein. StructureThe majority of the protein consists of the domain DUF2870. This domain is primarily found in homologues of C21orf59, but also in other uncharacterized proteins,[11] and it contains the majority of the sites that are modified after translation. The protein is predicted to consist mostly of alpha helices and lack beta strands.[12] LocalizationC21orf59 has been shown to localize to the cytosol and the nucleus,[13] but has been predicted, albeit with less strength, to localize to the cytoskeleton, peroxisome, and the mitochondria.[14] InteractionsThrough mass spectrometry, interactions with SUMO2,[15] a post-translational modification protein resembling ubiquitin, and Ubiquitin C[16] have been identified. Through two-hybrid experiments, an interaction with MAPK6, a protein kinase, has been found.[17] Recent StudiesA study in zebrafish has shown C21orf59 is found in high concentrations in the Kupffer vesicles, and is intracellularly localized to the basal body of the cilia.[18] Zebrafish mutant in C21orf59 homologue have defects in ciliary motility,.[18] Additionally, motile cilia in zebrafish and xenopus c21orf59 mutants are immotile and mispolarized, suggesting c21orf59 plays roles in planar cell polarity as well as ciliary motility.[19] {{Clear}}References1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Bullinger L, Döhner K, Bair E, Fröhling S, Schlenk RF, Tibshirani R, Döhner H, Pollack JR | title = Use of gene-expression profiling to identify prognostic subclasses in adult acute myeloid leukemia | journal = N. Engl. J. Med. | volume = 350 | issue = 16 | pages = 1605–16 |date=April 2004 | pmid = 15084693 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa031046 }} 2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Greiner J, Schmitt M, Li L, Giannopoulos K, Bosch K, Schmitt A, Dohner K, Schlenk RF, Pollack JR, Dohner H, Bullinger L | title = Expression of tumor-associated antigens in acute myeloid leukemia: Implications for specific immunotherapeutic approaches | journal = Blood | volume = 108 | issue = 13 | pages = 4109–17 |date=December 2006 | pmid = 16931630 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2006-01-023127 }} 3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Bullinger L, Ehrich M, Döhner K, Schlenk RF, Döhner H, Nelson MR, van den Boom D | title = Quantitative DNA methylation predicts survival in adult acute myeloid leukemia | journal = Blood | volume = 115 | issue = 3 | pages = 636–42 |date=January 2010 | pmid = 19903898 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2009-03-211003 }} 4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Maes OC, Xu S, Yu B, Chertkow HM, Wang E, Schipper HM | title = Transcriptional profiling of Alzheimer blood mononuclear cells by microarray | journal = Neurobiol. Aging | volume = 28 | issue = 12 | pages = 1795–809 |date=December 2007 | pmid = 16979800 | doi = 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.08.004 }} 5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Maes OC, Schipper HM, Chertkow HM, Wang E | title = Methodology for discovery of Alzheimer's disease blood-based biomarkers | journal = J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. | volume = 64 | issue = 6 | pages = 636–45 |date=June 2009 | pmid = 19366883 | doi = 10.1093/gerona/glp045 }} 6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Moncaster JA, Pineda R, Moir RD, Lu S, Burton MA, Ghosh JG, Ericsson M, Soscia SJ, Mocofanescu A, Folkerth RD, Robb RM, Kuszak JR, Clark JI, Tanzi RE, Hunter DG, Goldstein LE | title = Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta links lens and brain pathology in Down syndrome | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = e10659 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20502642 | pmc = 2873949 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0010659 | url = }} 7. ^Ensembl http://ensembl.org 8. ^C21orf59 GDS596 GEOprofile 9. ^Genomatix http://www.genomatix.de 10. ^1 Phosphosite 11. ^[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd Conserved Domains] 12. ^SDSC PELE 13. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu YH, Warnatz HJ, Vanhecke D, Wagner F, Fiebitz A, Thamm S, Kahlem P, Lehrach H, Yaspo ML, Janitz M | title = Cell array-based intracellular localization screening reveals novel functional features of human chromosome 21 proteins | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = 155 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16780588 | pmc = 1526728 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-7-155 }} 14. ^PsortII http://www.psort.org/ 15. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Golebiowski | first1 = F. | last2 = Matic | first2 = I. | last3 = Tatham | first3 = M. H. | last4 = Cole | first4 = C. | last5 = Yin | first5 = Y. | last6 = Nakamura | first6 = A. | last7 = Cox | first7 = J. | last8 = Barton | first8 = G. J. | last9 = Mann | first9 = M. | doi = 10.1126/scisignal.2000282 | last10 = Hay | first10 = R. T. | title = System-Wide Changes to SUMO Modifications in Response to Heat Shock | journal = Science Signaling | volume = 2 | issue = 72 | pages = ra24 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19471022 | pmc = }} 16. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = W. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = E. J. | last3 = Huttlin | first3 = E. L. | last4 = Guo | first4 = A. | last5 = Li | first5 = J. | last6 = Possemato | first6 = A. | last7 = Sowa | first7 = M. E. | last8 = Rad | first8 = R. | last9 = Rush | first9 = J. | last10 = Comb | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.08.025 | first10 = M. J. | last11 = Harper | first11 = J. W. | last12 = Gygi | first12 = S. P. | title = Systematic and Quantitative Assessment of the Ubiquitin-Modified Proteome | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 325–340 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21906983 | pmc =3200427 }} 17. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Vinayagam | first1 = A. | last2 = Stelzl | first2 = U. | last3 = Foulle | first3 = R. | last4 = Plassmann | first4 = S. | last5 = Zenkner | first5 = M. | last6 = Timm | first6 = J. | last7 = Assmus | first7 = H. E. | last8 = Andrade-Navarro | first8 = M. A. | last9 = Wanker | first9 = E. E. | doi = 10.1126/scisignal.2001699 | title = A Directed Protein Interaction Network for Investigating Intracellular Signal Transduction | journal = Science Signaling | volume = 4 | issue = 189 | pages = rs8 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21900206 | pmc = }} 18. ^1 Schottenfeld, J. 2008. The role of PKD2 and C21ORF59 in patterning the left-right axis of the zebrafish embryo. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (Accession Order No. AAT 3308052.) 19. ^http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(16)30062-6.pdf External links
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