| 词条 | Caatinga |
| 释义 |
| water = | name = Caatinga | other_name = | photo = Caatinga-400x300.jpg | photo_width = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Caatinga | map = | relief = | map_image = Caatinga IBAMA.jpg | map_caption = Map of the Caatinga scrub as delineated by the IBAMA. Yellow line approximately encloses the Caatinga scrub distribution.Satellite image from NASA. | location = {{BRA}} | coordinates = | coordinates_ref = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = | elevation_ft = | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|850,000|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | drop = | formed_by = | geology = | age = | orogeny = | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | eruption = | last_eruption = | topo = | operator = | designation = | free_label_1 = River | free_data_1 = São Francisco River | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | website = | embed = }} Caatinga ({{IPA-pt|ka.ɐˈtʃĩɡɐ}}, {{IPA-pt|ka.aˈtĩɡɐ|local}}) is a type of desert vegetation, and an ecoregion characterized by this vegetation in interior northeastern Brazil. The name "Caatinga" is a Tupi word meaning "white forest" or "white vegetation" (caa = forest, vegetation, tinga = white). Caatinga is a xeric shrubland and thorn forest, which consists primarily of small, thorny trees that shed their leaves seasonally. Cacti, thick-stemmed plants, thorny brush, and arid-adapted grasses make up the ground layer. Most vegetation experiences a brief burst of activity during the three-month long rainy season. Caatinga falls entirely within earth's tropical zone and is one of 6 major ecoregions of Brazil. It covers 850,000 km², nearly 10% of Brazil's territory. It is home to 26 million people[1] and more than 2000 species of vascular plants, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals.{{Dubious|date=February 2019}} GeographyCaatinga covers the interior portion of northeastern Brazil bordering the Atlantic seaboard (save for a fringe of Atlantic Forest), extending across eight states: Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, and parts of Minas Gerais, as well the southeasternmost point of Rio de Janeiro in Cabo Frio. Altogether, the Caatinga comprises 850,000 km², about 10% of the surface area of Brazil.[2] By comparison, it is over nine times the surface area of Portugal, whence came Brazil's early European settlers, and 20% larger than the U.S. state of Texas.Located between 3°S 45°W and 17°S 35°W, the Caatinga experiences irregular winds from all directions. Rainfall is thus intermittent but intense, totalling {{cvt|20|-|80|cm}} on average.[3] Although the climate is typically hot and semi-arid, the Caatinga includes several enclaves of humid tropical forest,[4] with trees {{cvt|30|-|35|m}} tall.[3] To the northwest, the Caatinga is bounded by the Maranhão Babaçu forests; to the west and southwest, the Atlantic dry forests and Cerrado savannas; to the east, the humid Atlantic coastal forests; and to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean. ClimateThe Caatinga has only two distinguishable seasons: a hot and dry winter, and a cold and rainy summer. During the dry winter periods there is no foliage or undergrowth, as plants try to conserve water. Roots protrude through the surface of the stony soil, to absorb water before it is evaporated. Leaves fall off the trees to reduce transpiration.[3] With all the foliage and undergrowth dead during the drought periods and all the trees having no leaves the Caatinga has a yellow-grey, desert-like look. During the peak periods of drought the Caatinga's soil can reach temperatures of up to 60 °C. The drought usually ends in December or January, when the rainy season starts. Immediately after the first rains, the grey, desert-like landscape starts to transform and becomes completely green within a few days. Small plants start growing in the now moist soil and trees grow back their leaves. Rivers that are mostly dry during the past 6 or 7 months start to fill up and streams begin to flow again.[4] ConservationThe Caatinga is poorly represented in the Brazilian Conservation Area network, with only 1% in Integral Protection Conservation Areas and 6% in Sustainable Use Conservation Areas.[8] Economic developed has fragmented the native biome. Estimates on the amount of Caatinga transformed affected by economic development range 25-50%, making Caatinga the most degraded ecosystem in Brazil.[4] EcologyCaatinga harbors a unique biota, with thousands of endemic species. Caatinga contains over 1,000 vascular plant species in addition to 187 bees, 240 fish species, 167 reptiles and amphibians, 516 birds, and 148 mammal species, with endemism levels varying from 9 percent in birds to 57 percent in fishes.[5] VegetationThe Caatinga does not correspond to a single type of vegetation, but rather a broad mosaic. Nonetheless, all vegetative structure is adapted to the xeric climate. Succulent and crassulaceous species dominate; non-succulents exhibit small, firm leaves and intense branching at the base, akin to shrubs. Palm stands usually contain carnaúba or babaçu palms, but occasionally tucumã and macaúba. The Caatinga has enough endemic species to constitute a floristic province. Most authors divide the Caatinga into two different subtypes: dry ("sertão") and humid ("agreste"), but categorizations vary to as many as eight different vegetative regimes.[3] Fauna{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2016}}The Caatinga is home to nearly 50 endemic species of birds, including Lear's macaw (Anodorhynchus leari), Spix's macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii),{{Refn|Now extinct.[4]|group=Note}} moustached woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes falcirostris), Caatinga parakeet, Caatinga antwren, Sao Francisco black tyrant and Caatinga cacholote.{{refn|There is no evidence, however, that the bird formerly known as Caatinga woodpecker occurs in Caatinga.|group=Note}} Endemic mammal species include:
Possible anthropogenic originsBased on radiocarbon dating of potsherds, proponents of historical ecology such as William Denevan and William Balee have suggested that large sections of the Caatinga region may be of anthropogenic origin. Over 1000 years ago, native peoples may have unintentionally created the environment of the modern-day Caatinga through constant slash-and-burn agriculture, thereby stymying plant succession and preventing major rainforests from growing within the region.[6] Conversely, fossil evidence suggests that the Caatinga may historically have been part of a much larger dry belt.[3][4] Economic exploitationThe local population lives in extreme poverty, and many rely on extraction of natural resources for a livelihood.[3][7] There are few drinkable water sources, and harvesting is difficult because of the irregular rainfall. AgricultureNative plants are used in local agriculture, much of it slash-and-burn.[4] Pilocarpus jaborandii appears to exhibit medicinal properties. The fruits of umbú and mangabá are used as food directly, and other species are used for forage. Local palms produce commercial-grade lauric and oleic oils, which undergirds much of the economy of northeast Brazil.[3] Meliponiculture is also a well-developed and traditional activity in the region.[8] One of the most productive species, Melipona subnitida, known locally as jandaíra, produces up to 6 liters a year, resulting in economic profit for the population.[9]Irrigation along the São Francisco River promises to turn the region into a breadbasket. The soil is very fertile, and existing irrigation infrastructure already supports the export of grapes, papayas and melons. At the same time, irrigation threatens to salinize the soil.[3] GrazingCattle (Guzerá and Red Sindhi cattle) and goat farming are popular and very productive in the region.[10][11] Overgrazing and timbering for fuelwood have decimated local vegetative populations; outside irrigated regions, the area has begun to desertify à la the Sahara and Sahel. See also{{Columns-list|On Caatinga
The five other major ecoregions of Brazil
}} Notes1. ^Salcedo, I.H., Menezes, R.S.C. (2009): Agroecosystem functioning and management in semi-arid Northeastern Brazil, in: Tiessen, H., Stewart, J.W.B. (eds.): Applying Ecological Knowledge to Landuse Decisions. Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research - IICA-IAI-Scope, Paris, pp. 73–81. 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ww2.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/21052004biomashtml.shtm|title=Mapa de Biomas e de Vegetação|last=|first=|date=21 May 2004|website=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística|language=Brazilian Portuguese|trans-title=Biome and Vegetation Map|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-22}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Caatinga of North-Eastern Brazil|date=|encyclopedia=Centres of Plant Diversity|publisher=Smithsonian Institute|url=http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm|last=Lleras|first=Eduardo|volume=3: The Americas|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172623/http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm|archivedate=3 March 2016}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite journal|last=Leal|first=Inara R.|last2=Silva|first2=José Maria Cardoso Da|last3=Tabarelli|first3=Marcelo|last4=Lacher|first4=Thomas E.|date=2005|title=Changing the Course of Biodiversity Conservation in the Caatinga of Northeastern Brazil|journal=Conservation Biology|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=701–706|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00703.x|issn=1523-1739}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Santos|first=J.C.|author2=Leal, I.R.|author3=Almeida-Cortez, J.S.|author4=Fernandes, G.W.|author5=Tabarelli, M.|year=2011|title=Caatinga: the scientific negligence experienced by a dry tropical forest|journal=Tropical Conservation Science|volume=4|issue=3|pages=276–286|doi=10.1177/194008291100400306}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ofKbPTg2r0wC|title=Cultural Forests of the Amazon: A Historical Ecology of People and Their Landscapes|last=Balée|first=William|date=2013-08-20|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=9780817317867|location=|pages=43|language=en}} 7. ^{{Cite book|title=Bewässerungslandwirtschaft als Strategie zur kleinbäuerlichen Existenzsicherung in Nordost-Brasilien? - Handlunsspielräume von Kleinbauern am Mittellauf des São Francisco|last=Untied|first=B.|publisher=Philipps-Universität Marburg|year=2005|isbn=|location=Marburg|pages=|language=German|trans-title=Can Irrigation be a Strategy for Small Farmers' Economic Security in Northeast Brazil?: Economic milieu of small farmers in the central São Francisco valley}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Cortopassi-Laurino|first1=Marilda|last2=Imperatriz-Fonseca|first2=Vera Lucia|last3=Roubik|first3=David Ward|last4=Dollin|first4=Anne|last5=Heard|first5=Tim|last6=Aguilar|first6=Ingrid|last7=Venturieri|first7=Giorgio C.|last8=Eardley|first8=Connal|last9=Nogueira-Neto|first9=Paulo|title=Global meliponiculture: challenges and opportunities|journal=Apidologie|date=22 June 2006|volume=37|issue=2|pages=275–292|doi=10.1051/apido:2006027}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bonnatti|first1=Vanessa|last2=Luz Paulino Simões|first2=Zilá|last3=Franco|first3=Fernando Faria|last4=Tiago|first4=Mauricio|date=3 January 2014|title=Evidence of at least two evolutionary lineages in Melipona subnitida (Apidae, Meliponini) suggested by mtDNA variability and geometric morphometrics of forewings|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=101|pages=17–24|doi=10.1007/s00114-013-1123-5|pmid=24384774}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.milkpoint.com.br/noticias-e-mercado/giro-noticias/embrapa-guzera-e-sindi-sao-alternativas-para-produzir-leite-no-nordeste-63966n.aspx|website= Milk Point|title= Embrapa: Guzerá e sindi são alternativas para produzir leite no nordeste [do Brasil]|access-date= 10 January 2019}} {{pt icon}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://nordesterural.com.br/a-importancia-da-criacao-de-caprinos-e-ovinos-no-nordeste/|website= Nordeste Rural|title= A importância da criação de caprinos e ovinos no nordeste [do Brasil]|access-date= 10 January 2019}} {{pt icon}} ReferencesFurther reading
Historical biogeographic surveys
External links{{Commons category}}
7 : Caatinga|Deserts and xeric shrublands|Ecoregions of Brazil|Neotropic ecozone|Regions of Brazil|Natural regions of South America|Biosphere reserves of Brazil |
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