“Calcium ammonium nitrate”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The term "calcium ammonium nitrate" is applied to multiple different, but closely related formulations. One variety of calcium ammonium nitrate is made by adding powdered limestone to ammonium nitrate;{{r|ETE}}{{r|FM}} another, fully water-soluble version, is a mixture of calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate, which crystallizes as a hydrated double salt:^[2] 5Ca(NO₃)₂•NH₄NO₃•10H₂O. Unlike ammonium nitrate,^[3] these calcium containing formulations are not classified as oxidizers by the United States Department of Transportation.{{r|yara}}

Consumption of CAN was 3.54 million tonnes in 1973/74, 4.45 million tonnes in 1983/84, 3.58 million tonnes in 1993/94.{{r|SNF}} Production of calcium ammonium nitrate consumed 3% of world ammonia production in 2003.{{r|SNF}}

Physical and chemical properties

Calcium ammonium nitrate is hygroscopic. Its dissolution in water is endothermic, leading to its use in some instant cold packs.

Use

Most calcium ammonium nitrate is used as a fertilizer. Fertilizer grade CAN contains roughly 8% calcium and 21-27% nitrogen.{{r|ASFM}} CAN is preferred for use on acid soils,^[4] as it acidifies soil less than many common nitrogen fertilizers.^[5] It is also used in place of ammonium nitrate where ammonium nitrate is banned.^[6]

Calcium ammonium nitrate is used in some instant cold packs as an alternative to ammonium nitrate.

Calcium ammonium nitrate has seen use in improvised explosives. The CAN is not used directly, but is instead first converted to ammonium nitrate; "More than 85% of the IEDs used against U.S. forces in Afghanistan contain homemade explosives, and of those, about 70% are made with ammonium nitrate derived from calcium ammonium nitrate".^[7] CAN and other fertilizers were banned in the Malakand Division and in Afghanistan following reports of its use by militants to make explosives.^[8] Due to these bans, "Potassium chlorate — the stuff that makes matches catch fire — has surpassed fertilizer as the explosive of choice for insurgents."^[9]

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=Smil|first=Vaclav|title=Enriching the Earth|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9FljcEASycC&pg=PA135&dq=%22calcium+ammonium+nitrate%22+formula&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ehGDUcDZJNC80AHqu4CoBg&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22calcium%20ammonium%20nitrate%22%20formula&f=false}}
2. ^Yara Calcinit Technical Data
3. ^172.101 Hazardous Materials Table
4. ^{{cite book|last=Maxwell|first=Gary R.|title=Synthetic Nitrogen Products|year=2004|publisher=Kluwer Academic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvMnWtQKnlAC&pg=PA251&dq=%22calcium+ammonium+nitrate%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7PKCUfe7LYW34AOt14CgAQ&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22calcium%20ammonium%20nitrate%22&f=false}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Australian Soil Fertility Manual|year=2006|publisher=Fertilizer Industry Federation of Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuAaBmRkDAQC&pg=PA32&dq=%22calcium+ammonium+nitrate%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7PKCUfe7LYW34AOt14CgAQ&ved=0CGkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=Fertilizer Manual|year=1998|publisher=Kluwer Academic|location=Netherlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPkoOU4BvEsC&pg=PA236&dq=%22calcium+ammonium+nitrate%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7PKCUfe7LYW34AOt14CgAQ&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22calcium%20ammonium%20nitrate%22&f=false|last=United Nations Industrial Development Organization}}
7. ^Indiana nitrogen fertilizer plant on hold over link to bombs in Afghanistan
8. ^{{cite web|last=Brummit|first=Chris|title=Pakistani fertilizer fuels Afghan bombs, US troop deaths|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44346944/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/t/pakistani-fertilizer-fuels-afghan-bombs-us-troop-deaths/#.UYMdMEriGSo|publisher=NBC|accessdate=3 May 2013}}
9. ^[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/06/25/ammonium-nitrate-potassium-chlorate-ieds-afghanistan/2442191/ Potassium chlorate — the stuff that makes matches catch fire — has surpassed fertilizer as the explosive of choice for insurgents.]