1. History
     1886–1900: Brown Shoe Company    1901-1920s: Growth and labor issues    1930s: Great Depression and bankruptcy    1940s-1960s: Push into retail    1970s-1990s: Diversification as Brown Group    2000-present: Name changes  

2. Business operations
     Executives  

3. Shoe brands

4. Company mascots

5. See also

6. Footnotes

7. External links

In the 1970s, Brown operated Famous Footwear, Cloth World fabric stores, Bottom Half jeans stores, and Meis department stores.^[8] On May 27, 2015, Brown Shoe changed its name to Caleres.^[9] Current brands include Famous Footwear, Diane von Furstenberg (DVF), Rykä, Allen Edmonds, Dr. Scholl’s Shoes, LifeStride, Naturalizer, Bzees, Franco Sarto, Sam Edelman, Via Spiga, Vince, George Brown Bilt, Carlos by Carlos Santana and Fergie Footwear.^[5]

History

1886–1900: Brown Shoe Company

The company was created in St. Louis and was originally named Bryan, Brown & Company after its founders George Warren Brown and Alvin Bryan. The company began business in 1878 and incorporated in 1881 as Bryan-Brown Shoe Company.^[6] Founder George Warren Brown had moved from New York to St. Louis in 1873 to work in his older brother’s shoe business, and saw potential for shoe manufacturing in St. Louis. At that point, most shoes were manufactured in New England. After four years in his brother’s wholesale shoe business, Brown had the funds to found Bryan, Brown and Company to make women’s shoes, with Alvin L. Bryan and Jerome Desnoyers also as investors. The company hired five skilled shoemakers from Rochester, New York, to start the factory in St. Louis, and it grew quickly. In 1878, it had sales of $110,000.^[12]

In 1881, it was incorporated as the Bryan Brown Shoe Company.^[12] In 1886, the company became the Brown-Desnoyers Shoe Company, after Mr. Bryan retired. In 1893, Mr. J.B. Desnoyers also retired, and the name was changed to Brown Shoe Company.^[12][6] In 1895, the Brown Shoe Company factory had about six hundred employees who could make five thousand pairs of shoes and boots a day.^[6] The company competed as Brown shoes were sold throughout the Midwest at prices lower than New England shoes, and by 1900 the company was growing at a rate of $1 million a year.^[6] Four years later the company bought the rights to Buster Brown, a Richard Fenton Outcault cartoon character they would use for marketing.^[12]

1901-1920s: Growth and labor issues

As Brown Shoes grew, St. Louis became increasingly known as a center for shoe manufacturing, and competing factories set up in the city.^[12] By 1902, Brown Shoe had five factories operating in St. Louis, and in 1907, the company set up its first plant out of the city, where labor was cheaper in Moberly, Missouri. In 1907, the company moved its headquarters to a building in downtown St. Louis. During this time of high competition, Brown Shoes kept profits high by keeping labor costs as low as possible, as the cost of plant equipment and materials were somewhat fixed. As the work became more mechanized, shoe factory jobs required less skill, and in the industry at large, positions were increasingly filled by women and children, who could be paid less. In 1911, a survey of shoe workers in St. Louis found that over half were between the ages of 14 and 19, with an average wage for a girl under 16 less than $10 a week. In response to the poor working conditions at shoe factories in the St. Louis area, including Brown Shoes', workers formed unions; the moderate Boot and Shoe Workers Union was followed by the more radical United Shoe Workers of America. The latter was associated with the International Workers of the World. Strikes led to anti-union activities among workers as well, and the creation of the anti-union propaganda organization Citizens Industrial Association in St. Louis. Partly in response to the union activity, Brown Shoe Company increasingly turned to labor in the small towns in the surrounding area. With management remaining in St. Louis, the company secured tax subsidies from various towns to open factories in rural Missouri and Illinois.^[12]

Brown Shoe Company debuted on the New York Stock Exchange in 1913.^[7] Starting in 1917, the company secured lucrative military contracts with the United States government. The company encountered a crisis in 1920, when a rise in hemlines made much of Brown's high-topped shoes unfashionable and overstocked. The company had to go to Boston to secure credit from a bank, and the company then did well until the stock market crash of 1929.^[7]

1930s: Great Depression and bankruptcy

During the Great Depression of the 1930s the company struggled to keep costs down, and workers' wages dropped, with a government investigation finding that workers at one plant were paid as little as "$2.50 and $3.00 for a 60-hour week." During this time the company also remained fiercely anti-union, even closing a plant in Vinceness, Indiana in 1933 when the workers there held a strike for recognition. The company also reportedly used physical intimidation against union organizers, hiring a strike-breaking agency and infiltrating the unions themselves.^[7] The Illinois Federation of Labor forced a grand-jury investigation into Brown in 1935, after a union representative was almost tarred and feathered. There were no resultant indictments, although the Regional Labor Board in St. Louis did later issue a complaint, where they cited Brown for intimidation of employees using agents and officers, and unfair labor practices. The subsequent hearing revealed that John A. Bush had hired the A.A. Ahner detective agency in 1934, an agency known for strike-breaking.^[7] In 1936, Brown was cited by the National Labor Relations Board for violating the Wagner Act over the company dissolving the Salem local union, but Brown would not reinstate workers fired for union activity. The Fair Labor Standard Act of 1938 mandated that the remaining Brown workers received higher wages.^[7]

The company went bankrupt in June 1939, after a failure to raise fresh capital for a reorganization. Stock of the company was suspended on the St. Louis Stock Exchange on June 23, 1939. The last transaction saw shares sold for 20 cents each, after a peak when its stock sold for up to $60 a share.^[8]

1940s-1960s: Push into retail

Opening a plant in Dyer, Tennessee in 1941, Brown began moving south for production, where it was traditionally non-Union.^[7] In the 1940s, Brown's third president Clark Gamble began pushing the company into retailing. Becoming president in 1948 after John Bush, Gamble in 1950 initiated a merger with Wohl Shoes, which wholesaled mostly women's shoes in 2,500 stores in North America and Cuba. In 1953 Brown acquired the large retail chain Regal Shoes, and in 1956 Brown acquired G. R. Kinney Corporation, then the largest operator of family shoe stores. At the time, Brown was the fourth-largest shoe manufacturer in the United States.

In 1959, a U.S. District Court in St. Louis deemed Brown guilty of anti-trust violations, and the company was ordered to sell Kinney. The ruling was upheld in 1962, at which point Brown was the number-one manufacturer in the shoe industry. Afterwards, Kinney was sold to F. W. Woolworth.^[7] For a time, the Hamilton-Brown Shoe Company was the largest manufacturer of shoes in America.^[8] In 1959, the company had acquired Perth Shoe Company in Canada. In 1965, Brown bought the Samuels Shoe Company.^[7]

1970s-1990s: Diversification as Brown Group

After doing well in the 1960s, in 1969 Brown's earnings dropped 25% after a wealth of imports flooded the US shoe industry the year before. W. L. Hadley Griffin became the company's president in 1969, and began diversifying into areas beyond shoes. In 1970 Brown acquired the importer Italia Bootwear, Ltd. After acquiring Eagle Rubber Company, Kent Sporting Goods, and other companies, in 1972 it changed its name to the Brown Group, Inc. It continued to acquire companies in children's products and sports and recreation.^[7] In the 1970s, Brown operated Famous Footwear, Cloth World fabric stores, Bottom Half jeans stores, and Meis department stores.^[9] In February 1979, it was reported that Brown Group, then the largest American producer of namebrand footwear, was petitioning for price relief from the federal government.^[10]

After closing its St. Louis warehouse in 1980, Brown began adjusting its business strategy to deal with pressure from cheap imports in the 1980s. In 1985 the company divested itself of its recreational products operations, leaving the company focused largely on shoe retailing and manufacturing, with a quarter of operations in other stores. Around that time, Brown moved more into shoe importing, acquiring Arnold Dunn, Inc., an importer, in 1984. In 1986, the company acquired Pagoda Trading Company, an importing firm based in Asia, in a move away from manufacturing. In 1988, Brown began concentrating marketing on its well-known brands such as Connie, Naturalizer, and Buster Brown, while discontinuing marginal lines. Excluding the Cloth World chain, in 1989 the company sold all of its nonfootwear retail operations.^[7]

In the early 1990s, Brown closed six of its domestic shoe plants, and in 1993 it began to close its Wohl Leased Shoe Department operation. In 1995, the last Brown Group-owned shoe factory in the United States closed, and the company only had two manufacturing plants in Canada remaining. It sold three of its five headquarters buildings, and its Cloth World chain. 35 percent of the overall workforce at Brown was fired, coming to 8,500 jobs. Brown acquired the Larry Stuart Collection and the le coq sportif brand in 1995. The following year, Brown signed license agreements to market athletic footwear under the Russell and Penn brand names.^[7] After operating from 1972 until 1999 as the Brown Group, it became Brown Shoe again in 1999.^[7][11]

2000-present: Name changes

As part of a restructuring, in 2002 the company closed 100 Naturalizer stores, and 700 Famous Footwear outlets were remodeled. The company had a loss of $4 million in 2001, and a $45.2 million profit in 2002. In the first half of 2003, Brown's stock value increased nearly 80 percent in value. At the end of that year, Brown signed a licensing deal to design and market footwear under Phillips-Van Heusen Corp.'s Bass label.^[7]

On May 27, 2015, Brown Shoe changed its name to Caleres, retaining the "Brown Shoe" name for a future line of men's footwear.^[12] Caleres purchased Allen Edmonds for $255 million in December 2016. It acquired the men’s shoe company from Brentwood Associates.^[13] As of November 2018, the company continues to be based in Clayton, Missouri, under CEO Dianne Sullivan.^[14]

Business operations

As of 2017, Callers operated 1,055 stores under Famous Footwear in the United States and Guam. It also had 153 Naturalizer stores in the United States, Canada, and Guam, and several in China.^[2] The company also distributes brands through retailers, and licensing Dr. Scholl's and Disney brand footwear.^[2] Caleres, Inc. is a $2.6 billion footwear company.^[2] Revenue in 2017 is $2.579 billion, up from $2.577 billion the year before. 2017 gross profit was $1.061 billion, also up from 2016, and operating income dropped from 2016 to $110.985 in 2017. Net income in 2017 was $65.658 million, down from $81.479 in 2016.^[15]

Executives

Since May 2011 Diane M. Sullivan has served as president and CEO of Caleres, after joining as president in 2003. She also became chairwoman of the board beginning February 2, 2014.^[16]

Rick Ausick is division president of Famous Footwear, and has been since 2009. Sam Edelman is division president of the eponymous Sam Edelman brand. Dan Friedman is division president of the company’s global supply chain, and Ken Hannah is CFO.^[17]

Shoe brands

Current brands include Famous Footwear, Naturalizer, Dr. Scholl’s Shoes, LifeStride, Bzees, Rykä, Sam Edelman,^[5] Allen Edmonds,^[5][13] Franco Sarto, Via Spiga, Vince, Diane von Furstenberg (DVF), George Brown Bilt, Carlos by Carlos Santana and Fergie Footwear.^[5]

In the past, as of February 2011, American Sporting Goods Corporation operated as a subsidiary of Caleres. Its brands included Avia, Ryka and Nevados.^[18][19] In December 2016 Caleres acquired Allen Edmonds, a men's shoe company.^[13]

Company mascots

Since 1904, Caleres (Brown Shoe Company) mascots have been cartoon characters Buster Brown and his dog Tige. Both appear on the company's television commercials. In the 1940s and '50s, they became stars of Buster Brown Comics when the company made a brief foray into the comic book publishing industry. The characters appeared on the covers of the comic books, and each contained an adventure, such as Robin Hood. The characters were revived with an updated, more contemporary look for a brief advertising campaign in the 1980s and 1990s.^[20]

See also

• Brown Shoe Company Factory
• Brown Shoe Company's Homes-Take Factory
• Boot and Shoe Workers' Union
• Hamilton-Brown Shoe Company Building

Footnotes

External links

• Caleres.com
• Database and Cover Gallery of comic books published by the Brown Shoe Company, www.comics.org/

• 1,3-butadiene
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