| 词条 | Henry Beaufort |
| 释义 |
| type = Cardinal | honorific-prefix = His Eminence | name = Henry Beaufort | honorific-suffix = | title = Cardinal, Bishop of Winchester | image = Cardinal henry beaufort.jpg | caption = Cardinal Henry Beaufort | province = Canterbury | term_start = 1404 | term_end = 1447 | predecessor = William of Wykeham | successor = William Waynflete | other_post = {{Plainlist}}
| consecration= 14 July 1398 | consecrated_by = | cardinal = 24 May 1426 | created_cardinal_by = Pope Martin V | rank = Cardinal Priest | birth_date = c. 1375 | birth_place = Château de Beaufort, Anjou, Kingdom of France | death_date = 11 April {{death year and age|1447|1375}} | death_place = Wolvesey Castle, Winchester, Kingdom of England | buried = Winchester Cathedral | religion = Roman Catholic Church | parents = John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford | previous_post = {{Plainlist}}
| coat_of_arms = Arms of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset.svg | coat_of_arms_alt = Quarterly: 1st and 4th: azure semy-de-lis Or; 2nd and 3rd: gules three leopards Or; overall a bordure compony argent and azure }} Cardinal Henry Beaufort (c. 1375 – 11 April 1447), Bishop of Winchester, was an English prelate and statesman who held the offices of Bishop of Lincoln (1398) then Bishop of Winchester (1404) and was from 1426 a Cardinal[1] of the Church of Rome. He served three times as Lord Chancellor and played an important role in English politics. He was a member of the royal House of Plantagenet,[2] being the second son of the four legitimised children of John of Gaunt (third son of King Edward III) by his mistress (later wife) Katherine Swynford. LifeBeaufort was born in Anjou, an English domain in France, and educated for a career in the Church. After his parents were married in early 1396, Henry, his two brothers and one sister were declared legitimate by Pope Boniface IX and legitimated by Act of Parliament on 9 February 1397, but they were barred from the succession to the throne.[3][4][5] This later proviso was promulgated with the exact phrase excepta regali dignitate (English: the royal dignity excepted) by their half-brother Henry IV with dubious authority.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} On 27 February 1398, he was nominated Bishop of Lincoln, and on 14 July 1398, he was consecrated.[6] After Henry of Bolingbroke deposed Richard II and took the throne as Henry IV in 1399, he made Bishop Beaufort Lord Chancellor of England in 1403,[7] but Beaufort resigned in 1404 when he was appointed Bishop of Winchester on 19 November.[8] Between 1411 and 1413, Bishop Beaufort was in political disgrace for siding with his nephew, the Prince of Wales, against the king,{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} but when King Henry IV died and the prince became King Henry V, he was made Chancellor once again in 1413, but he resigned the position in 1417.[7] Pope Martin V offered him the rank of Cardinal, but King Henry V would not permit him to accept the offer. Henry V died in 1422, two years after he had married Catherine of Valois, daughter of King Charles VI, who had disowned his son Charles in favor of Henry in the Treaty of Troyes. Henry and Catherine's infant son Henry VI, the Bishop's great-nephew, succeeded Henry as King of England, and, in accordance with the Treaty, succeeded Charles as King of France. Bishop Beaufort and the child king's other uncles formed the Regency government,[9] and in 1424, Beaufort became Chancellor once more, but was forced to resign in 1426 because of disputes with the king's other uncles, in particular Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester.[7] Pope Martin V finally appointed Beaufort as Cardinal in 1426.[7] In 1427, he made him the Papal Legate for Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia, and directed him to lead the fourth "crusade" against the Hussites heretics in Bohemia. Beaufort's forces were routed by the Hussites at the Battle of Tachov on 4 August 1427.[10] After the English captured Joan of Arc in 1431, legend has it that Beaufort was present to observe some of the heresy trial sessions presided over by Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais. However, the full record of the trial, which lists all those who took part in her trial on a daily basis shows that he was not there.[11] His sole appearance is on the day of her abjuration (26th May 1431). The formal record does not include Beaufort's presence at her execution but legend has it that he wept as he viewed the horrible scene as she was burned at the stake. This legend derives from what is now known as the Rehabilitation Trial of Joan of Arc which culminated in an examination of numerous witnesses in 1455 and 1456 in which one of the 27 Articles of Enquiry was that Joan had died in "such a manner as to draw from all those present, and even from her English enemies, effusions of tears." [12] A number of witnesses at this re-trial inferred or declared his presence including one of the original trial judges, one Andre Marguerie, Canon of Rouen, who asserted that Beaufort had reprimanded his chaplain for complaining that the Bishop of Beauvais's sermon was too favourable to Joan. However, it is not clear to which sermon Marguerie was referring [13]. In a spirit of contrition and reconciliation, in 1922 a statue of Joan of Arc (carved under the supervision of Sir Ninian Comper) was placed beside the entrance to the Lady Chapel in Winchester Cathedral diagonally facing Cardinal Beaufort’s tomb and chantry chapel. [14] Beaufort continued to be active in English politics for years, fighting with the other powerful advisors to the king.{{citation needed |date=April 2016}} He died on 11 April 1447.[8] Affair and daughterWhen Henry was Bishop of Lincoln, he supposedly had an affair with Alice FitzAlan (1378–1415), the daughter of Richard FitzAlan and Elizabeth de Bohun and the widow of John Charleton, 4th Baron Cherleton. {{quote|Henry fathered an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort, in 1402, who some make Alice's daughter. Both Jane and her husband, Sir Edward Stradling, were named in Cardinal Beaufort's will. Their marriage about 1423 brought Sir Edward into the political orbit of his shrewd and assertive father-in-law, to whom he may have owed his appointment as chamberlain of South Wales in December 1423, a position he held until March 1437.[15]}}Citations1. ^{{cite web|last=Miranda|first=Salvador|title=Henry Beaufort|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1426.htm#Beaufort|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|accessdate=19 April 2009}} 2. ^{{cite journal|first=Joel Thomas|last=Rosenthal|title=The Training of an Elite Group: English Bishops in the Fifteenth Century|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|edition=New Series|volume=60|issue=5|year=1970|page=7}} 3. ^Cokayne Complete Peerage Volume XII pp. 40–41 4. ^{{cite book|title=The English Cardinals|last1=Schofield|first1=Nicholas|last2=Skinner|first2=Gerald|year=2007|publisher=Family Publications|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-1-871217-65-0|page=60}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=British Royalty|last=Williams|first=David|year=1996|publisher=Cassell|location=London, UK|isbn=0-304-34933-X|pages=240–41}} 6. ^Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 256 7. ^1 2 3 Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 87 8. ^1 Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 277 9. ^Griffiths, p. 23 10. ^{{cite journal|last=Harriss|first=G.L.|authorlink=G.L. Harriss|title=Henry Beaufort, 'Cardinal of England'|journal=Proceedings of the 1986 Harlaxton Symposium: England in the Fifteenth Century|pages=123–24|publisher=Paul Watkins Publishing|location=Woodbridge, UK|year=1987}} 11. ^ The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc translated in full by W.P.Barrett,, George Routledge & Sons,1931 12. ^Pernoud, Regine, The Retrial of Joan of Arc, translated by J.M.Cohen, Methuen & Co. 1955 13. ^Pernoud, Regine, The Re-trial of Joan of Arc, translated by J.M.Cohen, Methuen & Co. 1955 14. ^ Buildings of England “Hampshire, Winchester and the North” p.390,Yale 2010 15. ^R. A. Griffiths, Conquerors and Conquered in Medieval Wales, 1994. References
Further reading{{commons category|Henry Beaufort}}
Vicegerent in England to Henry VI | years = 1403–1405 1413–1417 1424–1426 | rows=3}}{{s-aft | after = Thomas Langley | rows=2}}{{s-bef | before = Thomas Arundel}}{{s-bef | before = Thomas Langley}}{{s-aft | after = John Kemp}}{{s-rel| ca}}{{s-bef | before = Thomas Thebaud}}{{s-ttl | title = Dean of Wells | years = 1397–1398}}{{s-aft | after = Nicholas Slake}}{{s-break}}{{s-bef | before = John Bokyngham}}{{s-ttl | title = Bishop of Lincoln | years = 1398–1404}}{{s-aft | after = Philip Repyngdon}}{{s-break}}{{s-bef | before = William of Wykeham}}{{s-ttl | title = Bishop of Winchester | years = 1404–1447}}{{s-aft | after = William Waynflete}}{{s-break}}{{s-bef | before = Alemanno Adimari}}{{s-ttl | title = Cardinal Priest of S. Eusebio | years = 1426–1447}}{{s-aft | after = Richard Olivier de Longueil}}{{s-aca}}{{s-bef | before = Philip Repyngdon}}{{s-ttl | title = Chancellor of the University of Oxford | years = 1397–1399}}{{s-aft | after = Thomas Hyndeman}}{{s-end}}{{Deans of Wells}}{{Bishops of Winchester}}{{Bishops of Lincoln}}{{Authority control}}{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Beaufort, Henry}} 14 : 1447 deaths|Lord Chancellors of England|Bishops of Lincoln|Bishops of Winchester|15th-century cardinals|15th-century Roman Catholic bishops|15th-century viceregal rulers|English cardinals|Chancellors of the University of Oxford|Beaufort family|Burials at Winchester Cathedral|Deans of Wells|Joan of Arc|People of the Hussite Wars |
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