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词条 Henry, King of Portugal
释义

  1. Life

     Cardinal  Reign  Death and succession 

  2. Ancestry

  3. Notes

  4. Bibliography

  5. See also

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Cardinal Henry
| succession = King of Portugal
| image = Cardeal D. Henrique, cópia de original de c. 1590.jpg
| reign = {{nowrap|4 August 1578 – 31 January 1580}}
| cor-type = {{nowrap|Acclamation}}
| coronation = 28 August 1578; Lisbon
| predecessor = Sebastian
| successor = Anthony (disputed) or Philip I
| house-type = Dynasty
| house = Aviz
| father = Manuel I of Portugal
| mother = Maria of Aragon
| birth_date = 31 January 1512
| birth_place = Lisbon, Portugal
| death_date = 31 January 1580 (aged 68)
| death_place = Almeirim, Portugal
| burial_place = Jerónimos Monastery
| religion = Roman Catholicism
}}

Cardinal Henry ({{lang-pt|Henrique}} {{IPA-pt|ẽˈʁik(ɨ)}}; 31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580) was King of Portugal and the Algarves and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He ruled Portugal between 1578 and 1580 and was known as Henry the Chaste (Portuguese: Henrique o Casto) and the Cardinal-King. As a clergyman, he was bound to chastity, and as such, had no children to succeed him, and thus an end to the Royal House of Aviz. His death led to the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and ultimately to the 60-year Iberian Union that saw Portugal share a monarch with that of Spain. The next independent monarch of Portugal would be John IV, who took the throne after 60 years of Spanish rule.

Life

Born in Lisbon, Henry was the fifth son of King Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon.

Cardinal

As the younger brother of King John III of Portugal and a younger son in the Royal Family, Henry was not expected to succeed to the Portuguese throne. Early in his life, Henry took Holy Orders to promote Portuguese interests within the Catholic Church, then dominated by Spain. He rose fast through the Church hierarchy, becoming in quick succession Archbishop of Braga, Archbishop of Évora and Grand Inquisitor before receiving a Cardinal's hat in 1545,[1] along with the Titulus Ss. Quattuor Coronatorum. From 1564 to 1570 he was Archbishop of Lisbon. Henry, more than anyone, endeavoured to bring the Jesuits to Portugal to employ them in the colonial empire.

Reign

Henry served as regent for his great-nephew King Sebastian, replacing his sister-in-law and Sebastian's grandmother Queen dowager Catherine, following her resignation from the role in 1562.[2] King Sebastian died without an heir in the disastrous Battle of Alcácer Quibir that took place in 1578, and the elderly cardinal was proclaimed king soon after. Henry sought to be released from his ecclesiastical vows so he could take a bride and pursue the continuation of the Avis dynasty, but Pope Gregory XIII, not wanting to antagonize Philip II of Spain, did not grant him that release.[3][4]

Death and succession

The Cardinal-King died in Almeirim, on his 68th birthday, without having appointed a successor, leaving only a regency to care for the kingdom. One of the closest dynastic claimants was King Philip II of Spain who, in November 1580, sent the Duke of Alba to claim Portugal by force. Lisbon soon fell, and Philip was elected king of Portugal at the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar in 1581—on the condition that the kingdom and its overseas territories would not become Spanish provinces.

Ancestry

{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. Henry I of Portugal
|2= 2. Manuel I of Portugal
|3= 3. Maria of Aragon
|4= 4. Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu[5]
|5= 5. Beatrice of Portugal[5]
|6= 6. Ferdinand II of Aragon[6]
|7= 7. Isabella I of Castile[6]
|8= 8. Edward I of Portugal[7]
|9= 9. Eleanor of Aragon[7]
|10= 10. John, Constable of Portugal[6] (= 30)
|11= 11. Isabel of Barcelos[6] (= 31)
|12= 12. John II of Aragon[8]
|13= 13. Juana Enríquez[8]
|14= 14. John II of Castile[9]
|15= 15. Isabella of Portugal[9]
|16= 16. John I of Portugal[7] (= 20)
|17= 17. Philippa of Lancaster[7] (= 21)
|18= 18. Ferdinand I of Aragon[10] (= 24)
|19= 19. Eleanor of Alburquerque[10] (= 25)
|20= 20. John I of Portugal[7] (= 16)
|21= 21. Philippa of Lancaster[7] (= 17)
|22= 22. Afonso I, Duke of Braganza[6]
|23= 23. Beatriz Pereira de Alvim[6]
|24= 24. Ferdinand I of Aragon[11] (= 18)
|25= 25. Eleanor of Alburquerque[11] (= 19)
|26= 26. Fadrique Enríquez de Mendoza[12]
|27= 27. Mariana Fernández de Córdoba[12]
|28= 28. Henry III of Castile[13]
|29= 29. Catherine of Lancaster[13]
|30= 30. John, Constable of Portugal[6] (= 10)
|31= 31. Isabel of Barcelos[6] (= 11)
}}

Notes

1. ^Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Enrique de Portugal; Henry's brother Alonso had also been made a Cardinal, in 1517 at the age of eight. (Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Alonso de Portugal).
2. ^Disney, p. 174.
3. ^MacKay, p. 44.
4. ^Disney, p. 176.
5. ^1 {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Emanuel I. |volume=9}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 |title=Isabel the Queen: Life and Times |last=Liss |first=Peggy K. |date=2015-11-10 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812293203 |pages=11 |df=dmy-all}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|last=Stephens|first=Henry Morse|title=The Story of Portugal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139|accessdate=17 September 2018|year=1903|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|page=139}}
8. ^1 {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon |volume=10}}
9. ^1 {{Britannica|295037|Isabella I, Queen of Spain}}
10. ^1 {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historiagenealog02sous#page/496/mode/2up |title=Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza |trans-title=Genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal |volume=2 |language=pt |last=de Sousa |first=Antonio Caetano |publisher=Lisboa Occidental |year=1735 |page=497}}
11. ^1 {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=John II of Aragon |volume=15}}
12. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Ortega Gato |first=Esteban |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1098484.pdf |format=PDF |title=Los Enríquez, Almirantes de Castilla |trans-title=The Enríquezes, Admirals of Castille |journal=Publicaciones de la Institución "Tello Téllez de Meneses" |language=es |issn=0210-7317 |volume=70 |year=1999 |page=42}}
13. ^1 {{Britannica|261568|Henry III, King of Castille}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{cite book |last=Disney |first=A. R. |year=2009 |title=A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, vol. 1: Portugal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-60397-3 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=MacKay |first=Ruth |year=2012 |title=The Baker Who Pretended to Be King of Portugal |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226501086 |ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

See also

{{commons category|Henry I of Portugal}}
  • Struggle for the throne of Portugal
  • War of the Portuguese Succession
  • Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal
{{S-start}}{{S-hou|House of Aviz|31 January|1512|31 January|1580|House of Burgundy}}{{S-reg}}{{S-bef|before=Sebastian}}{{S-ttl|title=King of Portugal and the Algarves|years=1578–1580}}{{S-aft|after=Anthony or Philip I}}{{s-rel|ca}}{{s-bef|before=Diogo de Sousa}}{{s-ttl|title=Archbishop of Braga|years=1533–1539}}{{s-aft|after=Diego da Silva}}{{s-break}}{{s-bef|before=Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal|as=Bishop of Evora}}{{s-ttl|title=Archbishop of Evora|years=1540–1564}}{{s-aft|after=João de Melo}}{{s-break}}{{s-bef|before=Fernando de Menezes Coutinho e Vasconcellos}}{{s-ttl|title=Archbishop of Lisboa|years=1564–1569}}{{s-aft|after=Jorge de Almeida}}{{s-break}}{{s-bef|before=João de Melo}}{{s-ttl|title=Archbishop of Evora|years=1574–1578}}{{s-aft|after=Teotónio de Bragança}}{{s-End}}{{Monarchs of Portugal}}{{Monarchs of Brazil}}{{Portuguese infantes}}{{Authority control}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Henry Of Portugal}}

12 : 1512 births|1580 deaths|16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops|Bishops of Évora|House of Aviz|Portuguese cardinals|Portuguese monarchs|Roman Catholic archbishops of Braga|Regents of Portugal|Archbishops of Lisbon|16th-century Portuguese monarchs|Portuguese infantes
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