“Henry Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Henry Stafford Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCMG|GCIE|CB|PC}} (18 November 1846 – 29 September 1911) was a British Conservative politician who served as the third Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1904 to 1908. He was previously Governor of Bombay from 1900 to 1903, as well as a government minister under Lord Salisbury.

Northcote was the son of Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh. He was educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford, and then worked for the Foreign Office and as private secretary to his father. Northcote was elected to the House of Commons in 1880, and served as Financial Secretary to the War Office (1885–86) and Surveyor-General of the Ordnance (1886–88) during Lord Salisbury's first and second terms as prime minister. Northcote was made Governor of Bombay in 1900, at which point he was raised to the peerage; he had previously been created a baronet in 1887. He became Governor-General of Australia in 1904, and brought much needed stability to the post – his two predecessors had both resigned after less than two years in office. Northcote played a relatively active role in politics, due to the unstable three-party system then in place. He served for almost five years, resigning in 1908 following a falling out with Prime Minister Alfred Deakin.

Background and education

Northcote was born in London, the second son of the prominent Conservative politician Sir Stafford Northcote, later first Earl of Iddesleigh, by his wife Cecilia Frances, daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer. He was educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford (B.A. 1869; M.A. 1873), and then joined the Foreign Office as a diplomat.^[1]

Diplomatic and political career

Early career

Northcote was secretary to the British delegation negotiating the Alabama Claims between 1871 and 1873. From 1877 to 1880 he was private secretary to his father, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1880 he was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Exeter, a seat he held until 1899. He served under Lord Salisbury as Financial Secretary to the War Office between 1885 and 1886 and as Surveyor-General of the Ordnance between 1886 and 1888, when that office was abolished.^[1] He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1880^[2] and created a Baronet, of Seamore Place in the Parish of St George, Hanover Square, in the County of Middlesex, in 1887.^[3] On his resignation after 20 years as MP, in January 1900 he was presented with the Freedom of the City of Exeter.^[4]

Governor of Bombay

Northcote was appointed Governor of Bombay in November 1899, through the influence of his father-in-law, Lord Mount Stephen.^[5] He visited Queen Victoria at Osborne and kissed hands upon his appointment in early January 1900,^[6] and was raised to the peerage as Baron Northcote, of the City and County of the City of Exeter, on 22 January 1900.^[7] Lord and Lady Northcote left London in late January,^[8] and arrived in Bombay the following month,^[9] where he took up the position of Governor on 17 February 1900 and was appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) on the same day.^[10]

Governor-General of Australia

Northcote was still Governor of Bombay when the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, offered him the post of Governor-General of Australia in 1903.^[11] The first two Governors-General, Lord Hopetoun and Lord Tennyson, had served shortened terms and had had difficult relations with Australian ministers. Both the British and Australian governments wanted stability and continuity, and Northcote was appointed for a five-year term. His lifelong experience in politics and his time in Bombay made him a suitable appointment. He was neither as imperious as Hopetoun nor as stuffy as Tennyson, and he made a good impression with both politicians and the public.

This was just as well, because Northcote was the first Australian Governor-General to have to deal with political instability. In doing this, he sought the advice of the Chief Justice of the newly created High Court of Australia, Sir Samuel Griffith.^[12] In April 1904 the Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin, resigned, and was succeeded in quick succession by the Labor leader Chris Watson, the Free Trade leader George Reid and then Deakin again. Both Watson and Reid asked Northcote to dissolve Parliament before their resignations, and in both cases he refused. At this time no-one doubted that the Governor-General had a discretion in these cases. It is a measure of Northcote's standing that all these leaders respected his decisions.

Like his predecessors, Northcote saw himself as a diplomatic representative of the British government as well a vice-regal representative. He was actively involved in negotiations between the British and Australian governments over contentious trade and shipping issues, although his role diminished after 1906 when the Liberal Party came to power in Britain, cutting off much of his influence in London.

In 1907 Northcote and Deakin had a falling out when the Governor-General, on instructions from London, declined to give his assent to a bill restricting appeals from the Australian courts to the Privy Council in London. Deakin, although a loyal Imperialist, believed that Australian parliaments should be sovereign in Australia, and bluntly told Northcote so. This prompted Northcote to announce in February 1908 that he wished to resign, a year early. He left Australia in September. He had been made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1904^[13] and in 1909 he was sworn of the Privy Council.^[1]

Personal life

Lord Northcote married Alice, adopted daughter of George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, in 1873. There were no children from the marriage. Lady Northcote was created a Companion of the Order of the Crown of India (CI) when her husband became Governor of Bombay in 1900^[10] and a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1919.

Northcote's health declined after his return to Britain from Australia and he died in September 1911, aged 64. The barony became extinct on his death.

Styles of address

References

1. ^¹²³thepeerage.com Henry Stafford Northcote, 1st and last Baron Northcote
2. ^{{London Gazette |issue=24837 |date=23 April 1880 |page=2657 }}
3. ^{{London Gazette |issue=25761 |date=25 November 1887 |page=6374 }}
4. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Court circular |day_of_week=Wednesday |date=17 January 1900 |page_number=7 |issue=36041}}
5. ^{{London Gazette |issue=27141 |date=5 December 1899 |page=8182 }}
6. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Court Circular|day_of_week=Monday |date=15 January 1900|page_number=6 |issue=36039| }}
7. ^{{London Gazette |issue=27156 |date=23 January 1900 |page=427 }}
8. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Court Circular |day_of_week=Thursday |date=1 February 1900 |page_number=9 |issue=36054 }}
9. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Court Circular|day_of_week=Saturday |date=17 February 1900 |page_number=11 |issue=36068}}
10. ^¹{{London Gazette |issue=27165 |date=16 February 1900 |page=1075 }}
11. ^The Advertiser, 10 August 1903, page 4
12. ^Donald Markwell, "Griffith, Barton and the early governor-generals: aspects of Australia's constitutional development", Public Law Review, 1999.
13. ^{{London Gazette |issue=27674 |date=6 May 1904 |page=2923 }}

Sources