| 词条 | Candida blankii |
| 释义 |
| regnum = Fungi | phylum = Ascomycota | subphylum = Saccharomycotina | classis = Saccharomycetes | ordo = Saccharomycetales | familia = Saccharomycetaceae | genus = Candida | species = C. blankii | binomial = Candida blankii | binomial_authority = H.R. Buckley & Uden, 1968 | synonyms = Candida hydrocarbofumarica K. Yamada, T. Furuk. & Nakahara, 1974[1][2] }} Candida blankii is a species of budding yeast (Saccharomycotina) in the family Saccharomycetaceae.[3][4][5] The yeast may be a therapeutically dangerous pathogen and resistant to treatment in human hosts. Research on the fungi has therapeutic, medical and industrial implications. TaxonomyCandida blankii was discovered in the 1960s, after the analysis of the organs of infected mink in Canada by F. Blank. These mink were infected with the unknown yeast, and all died from mycosis.[6][7][8] It was described in 1968 by H. R. Buckley and N. van Uden, who named it in honour of Blank.[6][6] The description was published in the journal Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata, along with descriptions of four other new species.[7]IdentificationOn Sabouraud dextrose agar, C. blankii isolates present as typical yeast, i.e., cream-colored colonies, which then tend toward pink and later dark blue. Blood sample DNA Sequencing of the 26S ribosomal subunit can definitively identify C. blankii.[3] EcologyIn nature, Candida blankii forms symbiotic relationships with other organisms. An Indian study of seven bee species and 9 plant species found 45 yeast species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees. Most were members of the genus Candida; the most common species in honey bee stomachs was Dekkera intermedia, while the most common species colonising flower nectaries was Candida blankii. Although the mechanics are not fully understood, it was found that Azadirachta indica flowers more if C. blankii are present.[8] Human pathology{{Main article|Yeast#Pathogenic yeasts}}A few human infections of Candida blankii have been found. Their existence suggests that the condition may have been under-reported.[3] In 2015, the yeast was found in the airways of a patient with cystic fibrosis; this was the first recorded case of Candida blankii infection in humans.[9] A second case was reported in 2018. The fungus proved resistant to treatment with antifungals. The yeast was characterized as "an opportunist pathogen for lung transplant and/or CF patients".[3] Because of its resistance, it was said to warrant further study.[3][10] Different strains, it was suggested, should also be studied "to increase knowledge of genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility profile".[3] Fungal blood-stream infections (fungaemia) have been newly associated with C blankii.[10] Polyene antifungals have been identified as a possible treatment.[3] The species has been detected in meat intended for human consumption, including Iberian ham.[11] Biotechnology{{Main article|Yeast#Industrial ethanol production|Bioethanol|Zymology}}Like many yeasts, Candida blankii has been the subject of various biotechnological studies,[12][13] including for use as a BOD biosensor.[14][15] The metabolic process of Candida blankii is aerobic. Consequently, it oxidizes many forms of alcohol, amino acid, carbohydrates, and other organic compounds. As a BOD biosensor, practical applications may be limited due to short term effectiveness.{{efn-ua|It has been tested as a water quality indicator as compared to a pair of other Candida species. Its growth phase (hours 14 through 38) and lag phase (hours 0 through 14) were exceptional. However, maximum oxidative activity is typically about 18 hours throughout its lifespan, and biosensor activity declines by half in a little over a week.[15]}} A diploid isolate of Candida blankii had an observed "potential for use in single cell protein production from hemicellulose hydrolysates", which is related to Cellulosic ethanol.[16]{{clarification needed|date=April 2019}} This yeast is one of several studied extensively for use in Xylose fermentation.[17][18] C. blankii has been tested as an aid for the degradation of Hemicellulose hydrolycates.[19] Candida blankii "cultivated on a mixture of n-paraffins (6% vol/vol) has been shown to produce fumaric acid", which could be important, once the process is worked out.[20][21]{{clarification needed|date=April 2019}} ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=327421|publisher=Species Fungorum|title=Synonymy: Candida blankii|accessdate=24 March 2019}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=14682616000000067&Rec=105079&Fields=All|publisher=MycoBank|title=Candida blankii|accessdate=24 March 2019}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite journal|authors=João Nobrega de Almeida, Jr; Silvia V. Campos; Danilo Y. Thomaz; Luciana Thomaz; Renato K. G. de Almeida; Gilda M. B. Del Negro; Viviane F. Gimenes; Rafaella C. Grenfell; Adriana L. Motta; Flávia Rossi; Gil Benard|year=2018|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41426-017-0015-8|title= Candida blankii: an emergent opportunistic yeast with reduced susceptibility to antifungals|journal=Emerging Microbes & Infections|volume=7|doi=10.1038/s41426-017-0015-8}} {{open access}} {{dead link|date=April 2019}} 4. ^{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BFLgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA633 |title=The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study |first1=J. |last1=Lodder |first2=N. J. W., Editor |last2=Kreger-van Rij | |date=October 22, 2013 |type=Hardcover |publisher=North Holland Publishing |edition=First |origyear=1967 |page=633 |language= English |asin=B004AML10W |isbn=9781483290171}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/yeast/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&DB=0&Table=0&Descr=Candida%20blankii&Fields=All&ExactMatch=T|title=Yeast Species Database|accessdate=2010-12-24}} 6. ^Page image list, Index of Fungi 3: 506 (1961–1970) Libri fungorum 7. ^1 {{cite journal|authors=Buckley, H. R.; van Uden, N.|year=1968|title=Five new Candida species|journal=Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata|volume=36|issue=3–4|pages=257–66|doi=10.1007/BF02050372 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|issn=0027-5530 |id=Online ISSN 1573-0832 |via=Springer}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Sandhu DK, Waraich MK |year=1985 |title=Yeasts associated with pollinating bees and flower nectar |journal=Microbial Ecology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=51–58 |doi=10.1007/BF02015108 |pmid=24221239 |jstor=4250820}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite journal|authors=S. Zaragoza; L. Galanternik; M. Vazquez; A. Teper; S. Córdoba; J. Finquelievich|year=2015|title=Candida blankii: New agent in cystic fibrosis airways?|journal=Journal of Cystic Fibrosis|volume=14|page=S140|doi=10.1016/S1569-1993(15)30492-6}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal |work=New Microbes and New Infections |volume=26 |date=2018 |pages=25–29 |title=New resistant microbes in humans: Azole-resistant Candida blankii as a newly recognized cause of bloodstream infection |authors=Al-Haqqan, A., Al-Sweih, N., Ahmad, S., Khan, S., Joseph, L., Varghese, S., & Khan, Z. |doi=10.1016/j.nmni.2018.06.008}} 11. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIgeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |title=Handbook of Fermented Meat and Poultry|first1=Fidel |last1=Toldrá |page=140 |edition=2nd |editor-first1=Fidel, Editor |editor-last1= Toldrá |editor-first2= Y. H., Consulting Editor |editor-last2=Hui |editor-first3=Iciar, Associate Editor |editor-last3=Astiasaran |editor-first4=Joseph, Associate Editor |editor-last4=Sebranek |editor-first5=Regine, Associate Editor |editor-last5=Talon |isbn= 978-1-118-52267-7 |date=October 2014 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}} 12. ^{{cite journal |work=Enzyme and Microbial Technology |volume=43 |number=3, 5 |date=September 2008 |pages=284–288 |title=Enzyme and Microbial Technology: Effect of furfural on nitrogen assimilating enzymes of the lactose utilizing yeasts Candida blankii 35 and Candida pseudotropicalis |authors=T. Hristozovaa, V. Gotchevab, B. Tzvetkovaa, D. Paskalevaa, A. Angelov |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.03.014 |doi=10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.03.014}} 13. ^{{cite journal |url=https://jcm.asm.org/content/53/11/3639 |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |work=Mycology |title=Clinical Characteristics, Laboratory Identification, and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Yarrowia (Candida) lipolytica Isolates Causing Fungemia: a Multicenter, Prospective Surveillance Study |authors=Ying Zhao, Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan, Chi-Ching Tsang, He Wang, Dawen Guo, Yuhong Pan, Yuling Xiao, Na Yue, Jonathan Hon-Kwan Chen, Susanna Kar-Pui Lau, Yingchun Xu, Patrick Chiu-Yat Woo |editor=D. W. Warnock |doi=10.1128/JCM.01985-15}} 14. ^{{cite journal |title=Chemostat cultivation of Candida blankii on sugar cane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate |first1=P. S. |last1=Meyer |first2=J. C. |last2=Du Preez |first3=S. G. |last3=Kilian |date=1992 |doi=10.1002/bit.260400304 |journal=Biotechnology and Bioengineering|volume=40|issue=3|pages=353-358}} 15. ^1 {{cite journal|first1=Viacheslav |last1=Arlyapova |first2=Stanislav|last2=Kamanina |first3=Olga|last3=Ponamorevaa |first4=Anatoly |last4=Reshetilov|year=2012|title=Biosensor analyzer for BOD index express control on the basis of the yeast microorganisms Candida maltosa, Candida blankii, and Debaryomyces hansenii|journal=Enzyme and Microbial Technology|volume=50|issue=4–5|pages=215–20|doi=10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.01.002}} 16. ^{{cite journal |work=Journal of Biotechnology |volume=29 |number=3 |date=June 1993 |pages=267–275 |title=Evaluation of Candida blankii hybrids for biomass production |authors=P.S. Meyer. J.C. du Preez, B.D.Wingfield, S.G.Kilian |doi=10.1016/0168-1656(93)90058-U |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1656(93)90058-U}} 17. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbMWusKqTc8C&pg=PA71 |title=Sustainable Biotechnology: Sources of Renewable Energy|first1=Om V., Editor |last1=Singh |first2=Steven P. |last2=Harvey |location=Dordrecht London |publisher=Springer |date=November 25, 2009 |isbn=9789048132959 |pages=71, 77}} 18. ^{{cite book |title=Yeast Physiology and Biotechnology |page=230 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rR-6Prg3TcC&pg=PA325 |first1=Graeme M. |last1=Walker |type=Hardcover |location=Chichester New York |publisher=John Wiley & Son |edition=1st |date=April 1, 1998 |isbn=0471964476 |id=ISBN 978-0471964476}} 19. ^{{cite journal |title=Effect of temperature and pH on Candida blankii in chemostat culture |author =Meyer, P.S., Du Preez, J.C., Kilian, S.G.|work=World journal of microbiology & biotechnology |year=1992 |volume=8 |number=4 |pages= 434–438 |issn=0959-3993 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01198761 |doi=10.1007/BF01198761}} 20. ^{{cite book |title=Food Biotechnology: Microorganisms |page=341 |url=https://books.google.com/books? |isbn=0471185701 |first1=Y. H. |last1=Hui |first2=George G., Editor |last2=Khachatourians |year=1995}} 21. ^{{cite journal |authors=K. Tsekova, A. Kaimaktchiev & A. Krumov |year=1999 |title=Production of Fumaric Acid from n-Alcanes by Candida Blankii NA-83 |work=Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment |volume=13 |number=2 |pages=24–26}} Citations{{reflist|30em}}Further reading
External links
4 : Candida (fungus)|Fungi described in 1968|Pathogenic microbes|Animal fungal diseases |
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