词条 | Capital punishment in Alabama |
释义 |
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Alabama. Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, its courts impose more death sentences than Texas, a state that has a population five times as large.[1] However, Texas has more executions per capita. Legal processWhen the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a retrial happens before another jury.[2] Until 2017, Alabama was the only state which still allowed a judge to impose death against jury verdict in favor of life imprisonment.[3] The power of clemency belongs to the Governor of Alabama.[4] The method of execution is lethal injection, unless the condemned requests to be electrocuted. If the method selected by the offender or by default is held unconstitutional, state statutes provide the use of "any constitutional method of execution".[5] Capital crimesThe following kinds of murder are punishable by death in Alabama:[6]
Earlier historyBetween 1812 and 1965, 708 people were executed in Alabama. Until 1927, hanging was the primary method of execution, although one person was shot. In addition to murder, capital crimes in Alabama formerly included rape, arson, and robbery.[7] According to the Alabama Department of Corrections, 31 persons were executed by the state for crimes other than murder - including rape, robbery and burglary - between 1927 and 1959. [8] In Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407 (2008), the U.S. Supreme Court has essentially eliminated the death penalty for any crime at the state level except murder. The 1972 U.S. Supreme Court case Furman v. Georgia, requiring a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty, established a de facto moratorium on capital punishment across the United States. That moratorium remained until July 2, 1976, when Gregg v. Georgia decided how states could impose death sentences without violating the Eighth Amendment's ban against cruel and unusual punishment. Alabama passed legislation reinstating use of the death penalty on March 25, 1976, when Alabama's legislature passed, and Governor George Wallace signed, a new death penalty statute. No execution under this law was carried out until 1983. Holman Correctional Facility has a male death row that originally had a capacity of 20, but was expanded in the summer of 2000 with the addition of 200 single cells in the segregation unit.[8] The William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility has a male death row with a capacity of 24.[9] Donaldson's death row houses prisoners who need to stay in the Birmingham judicial district.[10] Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women houses the female death row.[11] All executions occur at Holman.[8]From 1983 to April 2018, Alabama has executed 63 people.[12] As of 2018, Alabama had 191 inmates on death row, the 4th highest number in the US.[13] A governor has commuted only one death sentence since 1976: outgoing Governor Fob James commuted Judith Ann Neelley's death sentence to life in prison without parole in January 1999.[14] See also{{Portal|Alabama|Criminal justice}}
References1. ^{{cite web|author=Rebecca Buckwalter-Poza |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/07/25/335418230/with-judges-overriding-death-penalty-cases-alabama-is-an-outlier |title=With Judges Overriding Death Penalty Cases, Alabama Is An Outlier |website=NPR.org |date=2014-07-27 |accessdate=2016-07-21}} {{CapPun-US}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Capital Punishment In Alabama}}2. ^{{cite web |title= SB 16 To amend Sections 13A-5-45, 13A-5-46, and 13A-5-47, Code of Alabama 1975, relating to capital cases and to the determination of the sentence by courts; to prohibit a court from overriding a jury verdict.|url=http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/searchableinstruments/2017RS/bills/SB16.htm|publisher= legislature.state.al.us |accessdate= April 12, 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://wrbl.com/2017/04/11/alabama-ends-death-penalty-by-judicial-override/|title=Alabama ends death penalty by judicial override|publisher=Associated Press at WBRL|date=2017-04-11|accessdate=2017-04-13}} 4. ^{{cite web |title= SECTION 124 -Authority of governor to remit fines and forfeitures and grant reprieves, paroles, commutations of sentence and pardons; board of pardons; report by governor to legislature; pardons in cases of felonies and offenses involving moral turpitude |url=http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama/constitution/1901/CA-245661.htm|publisher= legislature.state.al.us |accessdate= April 9, 2017}} 5. ^{{cite web |title= Section 15-18-82.1 - Method of execution; election of execution by electrocution; constitutionality. |url=http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama/1975/15-18-82.1.htm|publisher= legislature.state.al.us |accessdate= April 9, 2017}} 6. ^Code of Alabama § 13A-5-49 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/ALABAMA.htm |title=Executions in Alabama |website=Web.archive.org |accessdate=2016-07-21 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020614131719/http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/ALABAMA.htm |archivedate=2002-06-14 |df= }} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.doc.state.al.us/docs/AnnualRpts/2003AnnualReport.pdf|format=PDF|title=Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003|publisher=Alabama Department of Corrections. 33/84|accessdate=August 15, 2010|quotation="which also included a cellblock for 20 death row inmates." and "The death chamber is located at Holman where all executions are conducted." and "A major addition was completed in the summer of 2000 to add 200 single cells to the segregation unit. This addition was required to keep up with the increasing number of inmates on Death Row which had grown to more than 150."}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.state.al.us/docs/AnnualRpts/2003AnnualReport.pdf|format=PDF|title=Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003|publisher=Alabama Department of Corrections. 21/84|accessdate=August 15, 2010|quotation="Donaldson has a death row unit with a capacity of 24 inmates."}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.asp?id%3D4 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318162908/http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.asp?id=4 |archivedate=2010-03-18 |df= }} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.state.al.us/docs/AnnualRpts/2003AnnualReport.pdf |format=PDF|title=Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003|publisher=Alabama Department of Corrections. 45/84|accessdate=August 15, 2010|quotation="Tutwiler also has a death row"}} 12. ^1 {{cite web| url= http://www.doc.state.al.us/Executions.aspx|title=Executions |publisher=Alabama Dept. of Corrections|date= |accessdate=21 January 2015}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf |format=PDF|title=Facts About The Death Penalty|website=Deathpenaltyinfo.org|accessdate=2018-02-20}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=126&scid=13 |title=Clemency |publisher=Deathpenaltyinfo.org |date= |accessdate=2011-07-18}} 3 : Capital punishment in Alabama|Capital punishment in the United States by state|Alabama law |
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