| 词条 | Capitolias |
| 释义 |
|name = Capitolais |native_name = Καπιτωλιας |alternate_name = Bayt Ras |image = Capitolas theater 3.jpg |alt = |caption = Capitolias, 2004 |map_type = Jordan |map_alt = |map_size = |coordinates = {{coord|32|35|55|N|35|51|30|E|display=inline,title}} |location = Irbid Governorate, Jordan |region = Middle East |type = Settlement |part_of = |length = |width = |area = |height = |builder = |material = |built = 97/98 CE |abandoned = |epochs = |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = |archaeologists = |condition = In ruins |ownership = |management = |public_access = |website = |notes = }}Capitolias ({{lang-grc|Καπιτωλιάς|Kapitolias}}) was an ancient city east of the Jordan River, and is identified with the modern village of Beit Ras in the Irbid Governorate in northern Jordan.[1][2][3] Anciently it was a town of Coele-Syria.[4] The Peutinger Table placed it between Gadara and Adraha (Daraa), 16 miles from each, and the Antonine Itinerary put it at 36 miles from Neve (Nawa, Syria).[3][5] The Arabic name, Beit Ras, preserves the Aramaic name, Bet Reisha, mentioned in the 6th-century Talmud.[1][3][5] Unfortunately, not very many ruins are left behind of the city of Capitolias. However, the main archaeological site remaining is a theatre structure. HistoryThe town is one of the ten cities of the Decapolis listed by Pliny the Elder.[6] There are many primary sources, including Pliny the Elder that list different variations of the cities of the Decapolis. Capitolias was founded as a planned Roman city, perhaps for military purposes,[5] under Nerva or Trajan in 97 or 98 CE. This date comes from the coins that were minted within the city.[7] Inscriptions show that local citizens served in the Roman army.[3] It was surrounded by a wall built in the 2nd century and had an area of 12.5 hectares according to one source, 20 acres according to another.[3][5] The city was named after Jupiter Capitolinus. Evidence shows that the site was extensively settled and grew in importance during the Roman and Byzantine eras. Capitolias also had some importance in the early Islamic (Umayyad) period.[1] In the rearrangement associated with the creation of the Roman province of Arabia in 106, Capitolias became part of the province of Palaestina Secunda, whose capital was Scythopolis.[1][7] It is mentioned by many geographers, including Hierocles and George of Cyprus in the 6th and 7th centuries.[7] Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229) noted about Beit Ras: "A village of Jerusalem, or, it is said, belonging to the Jordan Province, There are quantities of vines here, from which the celebrated wine is made."[8]ArchaeologyThe city wall, with three north-facing gates,[5] can still be traced on the surface[3] Other remains include a temple of the Capitoline Triad, a three-tiered marketplace, a colonnaded street, a 5th-century church that was converted into a mosque in the 8th century, an aqueduct, reservoirs, a Roman military cemetery, and paved roads.[3][5] Although these remains were all excavated, many are quite minimal. The most prominent remains is that of the Roman style theatre. Although Capitolias was first excavated in the 1960s, systematic archaeological work began in the early 1980s and has continued.[5][9][10] It seems the citizens of Capitolias wanted to appear very Greek. Tombstones of one family were discovered, and dated to the 2nd century CE. Not only had the deceased adopted Latin names, but the tomb also had a very Greek style scene painted on it. The painting was a scene from the Trojan War with Achilles dragging the body of Hector.[1] Ample amounts of glass fragments have been discovered at the cite. These fragments were dated to 3rd-5th century CE. Further research has shown that large, primary chunks of glass were produced in the Levantine coastal area and brought to Capitolias for secondary production. So it seems that during the late Roman/early Byzantine eras, Capitolias was a main center for secondary glass production in Jordan.[11] Further excavation of Capitolias is somewhat difficult because of the modern village, Beit Ras. Researchers want to respectfully work with the locals to further their findings of Capitolias.[9] In 2018, archaeologists has excavated a tomb dating to the 2nd century AD. Its walls are decorated with many figures of humans, animals, and gods, as well as a large painting illustrating the construction of a rampart along with 60 inscriptions describing what the figures in the painting were doing. In its entirety, the artwork is thought to describe the founding of the city. The captions, written in Aramaic with Greek letters, resemble the speech bubbles in modern comics.[12] BishopricBishops of Capitolias are mentioned in extant documents:[13][14]
A Peter who was martyred under Muslim rule is given by Lequien[13] and Gams[14] as a bishop of Capitolias, but other sources describe him as a priest, not a bishop.[7][15][16] In the 12th century the see was an independent archbishopric, as appears from a "Notitia Episcopatuum" of that time.[17] No longer a residential bishopric, Capitolias is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[18] References1. ^1 2 3 4 C.J. Lenzen, E.A. Knauf, "Capitolias: A Preliminary Evaluation of the Archaeological and Textual Evidence" in Syria, Year 1987, Issue 64–1–2, pp. 21–46 2. ^{{cite journal |jstor=4198595 |title=Beit Ras/Capitolias: A Preliminary Evaluation of the Archaeological and Textual Evidence |journal=Syria |volume=64 |issue=1/2 |pages=21–46|last1=Lenzen |first1=C. J. |last2=Knauf |first2=E. A. |year=1987 |doi=10.3406/syria.1987.7002 }} (same text, not free) 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites: "Capitolias (Beit Ras) Jordan" 4. ^{{Cite DGRG|title=Capitolias}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0004_0_03932.html Jewish Virtual Library: "Capitolias"] 6. ^Pliny's Natural History 5.16.74 7. ^1 2 3 Siméon Vailhé, "Capitolias" in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 3 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908) 8. ^le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/415/mode/1up 415] 9. ^1 {{cite journal|jstor=4198840 |title=Beit Ras Excavations: 1988 and 1989 |journal=Syria |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=474–476|last1=Lenzen |first1=C. J. |year=1990 }} 10. ^http://www.romanhideout.com/news/2003/jordantimes2003013.asp 11. ^{{Cite journal|title = Chemical characterisation and manufacturing technology of late Roman to early Byzantine glass from Beit Ras/Capitolias, Northern Jordan|journal = Journal of Archaeological Science|date = 2010-08-01|pages = 1866–1874|volume = 37|issue = 8|doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2010.02.004|first = Ramadan|last = Abd-Allah}} 12. ^[https://www.archaeology.org/news/7000-180928-jordan-capitolias-murals 1,800-Year-Old Painted Tomb Discovered in Jordan]] 13. ^1 Lequien III, 715 14. ^1 Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 454 15. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=WtaGCo3S4IkC&pg=PA420 David Richard Thomas et al. (editors), Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History (600-900)] (BRILL 2009 {{ISBN|978-90-0416975-3}}), pp. 419–422 16. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=XdFqgSBTYeYC&pg=PA73 Hugh N. Kennedy, The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East]] (Ashgate Publishing 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-75465909-9}}), p. 333 17. ^H. Gelzer, in Byzantin. Zeithschrift, I, 253, cited by Siméon Vailhé in Catholic Encyclopedia 18. ^Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 857 Bibliography
6 : Decapolis|Former populated places in Jordan|Catholic titular sees in Asia|Populated places in Coele-Syria|Archaeological sites in Jordan|Roman towns and cities in Jordan |
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