| 词条 | Heraklion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Heraklion |name_local = {{lang|el|Ηράκλειο}} |image_map = 2011 Dimos Irakliou.png |image_skyline = Kreta - Iraklion - Alter Hafen2.jpg |caption_skyline = The Venetian fortress of Castello a Mare (1523–1540) guards the inner harbor of Heraklion. |city_flag = |city_seal = |coordinates = {{coord|35|20|N|25|8|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation_min = 0 |elevation_max = 33 |periph = Crete |periphunit = Heraklion |pop_municipality = 173,993 |area_municipality = 244.6 |pop_municunit = 166,209 |area_municunit = 109.0 |districts = |mayor = Vasilis Labrinos |party = |since = |demonym = Heraklian, Heraclian |population_as_of = 2011 |postal_code = 70x xx, 71x xx, 720 xx |area_code = 281 |licence = HK, HP, HZ |website = www.heraklion-city.gr }} Heraklion or Heraclion ({{IPAc-en|h|ᵻ|ˈ|r|æ|k|l|i|ə|n}}; {{lang-el|Ηράκλειο}}, Irákleio, {{IPA-el|iˈraklio|pron}})[1] is the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit. It is the fourth largest city in Greece.[2] According to the results of the 2011 census, the municipality's population was 173,993 and according to the results of 2011 census, the metropolitan area has a population of 225,574 and it extends over an area of {{convert|684.3|km2|1|abbr=on}}. The Bronze Age palace of Knossos, also known as the Palace of Minos, is located nearby. Heraklion announced as Europe’s fastest growing tourism destination for 2017, according to Euromonitor, showing an 11.2% growth in international arrivals[3]. According to the ranking, Heraklion was ranked as the 20th most visited region in Europe, as the 66th area on the Planet and as the 2nd in Greece for the year 2017, with 3.2 million visitors[4] and the 19th in Europe for 2018, with 3,4 million visitors . NamesThe Arab traders from al-Andalus (Iberia) who founded the Emirate of Crete moved the island's capital from Gortyna to a new castle they called rabḍ al-ḫandaq ({{lang-ar|ربض الخندق}}, "Castle of the Moat") in the 820s.[5] This was hellenized as Χάνδαξ (Chándax) or Χάνδακας (Chándakas) and Latinized as Candia, which was taken into other European languages: in Italian and Latin as Candia, in French as Candie, in English as Candy, all of which could refer to the island of Crete as a whole as well as to the city alone; the Ottoman name was Kandiye. After the Byzantine reconquest of Crete, the city was locally known as Megalo Kastro ({{lang|el|Μεγάλο Κάστρο}},{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} 'Big Castle' in Greek) and its inhabitants were called Kastrinoi (Καστρινοί, "castle-dwellers"). The ancient name Ηράκλειον was revived in the 19th century[6] and comes from the nearby Roman port of Heracleum ("Heracles's city"), whose exact location is unknown. English usage formerly preferred the classicizing transliterations "Heraklion" or "Heraclion", but the form "Iraklion" is becoming more common. HistoryMinoan EraHeraklion is close to the ruins of the palace of Knossos, which in Minoan times was the largest centre of population on Crete. Knossos had a port at the site of Heraklion (at Poros - Katsambas[8] neighborhood) from the beginning of Early Minoan period (3500 to 2100 BC). Around 1500 BC, the port was destroyed by a volcanic tsunami from nearby Santorini, leveling the region and covering it with ash. Antiquity{{main|Heracleium}}After the fall of the Minoans, Heraklion, as well as the rest of Crete in general, fared poorly, with very little development in the area. Only with the arrival of the Romans did some construction in the area begin, yet especially early into Byzantine times the area was abound with pirates and bandits.[9] Emirate of CreteThe present city of Heraklion was founded in 824 by the Arabs under Abu Hafs Umar who had been expelled from Al-Andalus by Emir Al-Hakam I and had taken over the island from the Eastern Roman Empire. They built a moat around the city for protection, and named the city ربض الخندق, rabḍ al-ḫandaq ("Castle of the Moat"). It became the capital of the Emirate of Crete (ca. 827–961). The Saracens allowed the port to be used as a safe haven for pirates who operated against Imperial (Byzantine) shipping and raided Imperial territory around the Aegean. Byzantine era{{Further|Byzantine Crete}}In 960, Byzantine forces under the command of Nikephoros Phokas, later to become Emperor, landed in Crete and attacked the city. After a prolonged siege, the city fell in March 961. The Saracen inhabitants were slaughtered, the city looted and burned to the ground. Soon rebuilt, the town was renamed Χάνδαξ, Chandax, and remained under Byzantine control for the next 243 years. Venetian era{{Further|Kingdom of Candia}} {{Further|Siege of Candia}}In 1204, the city was bought by the Republic of Venice as part of a complicated political deal which involved, among other things, the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade restoring the deposed Eastern Roman Emperor Isaac II Angelus to his throne. The Venetians improved on the ditch of the city by building enormous fortifications, most of which are still in place, including a giant wall, in places up to 40 m thick, with 7 bastions, and a fortress in the harbour. Chandax was renamed Candia and became the seat of the Duke of Candia, and the Venetian administrative district of Crete became known as "Regno di Candia" (Kingdom of Candia). The city retained the name of Candia for centuries and the same name was often used to refer to the whole island of Crete as well. To secure their rule, Venetians began in 1212 to settle families from Venice on Crete. The coexistence of two different cultures and the stimulus of Italian Renaissance led to a flourishing of letters and the arts in Candia and Crete in general, that is today known as the Cretan Renaissance. Ottoman era{{Further|Cretan War (1645–1669)}}During the Cretan War (1645–1669), the Ottomans besieged the city for 21 years, from 1648 to 1669, perhaps the longest siege in history. In its final phase, which lasted for 22 months, 70,000 Turks, 38,000 Cretans and slaves and 29,088 of the city's Christian defenders perished.[10] The Ottoman army under an Albanian grand vizier, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha conquered the city in 1669. Under the Ottomans, the city was known officially as Kandiye (again also applied to the whole island of Crete) but informally in Greek as Megalo Castro (Μεγάλο Κάστρο; "Big Castle"). During the Ottoman period, the harbour silted up, so most shipping shifted to Chania in the west of the island. Modern eraIn 1898, the autonomous Cretan State was created, under Ottoman suzerainty, with Prince George of Greece as its High Commissioner and under international supervision. During the period of direct occupation of the island by the Great Powers (1898–1908), Candia was part of the British zone. At this time, the city was renamed "Heraklion", after the Roman port of Heracleum ("Heracles' city"), whose exact location is unknown. In 1913, with the rest of Crete, Heraklion was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece. Heraklion became again capital of Crete in 1971, replacing Chania.[11] Architecture, urban sculpture and fortifications{{Further|Fortifications of Heraklion}}At the port of the city dominate the Venetian constructions, such as the Koules Fortress (Castello a Mare), the ramparts and the arsenal. Around the city can be found several sculptures, statues and busts commemorating significant events and figures of the city's and island's history, like El Greco, Vitsentzos Kornaros, Nikos Kazantzakis and Eleftherios Venizelos. Also, many fountains of the Venetian-era are preserved, such as the Bembo fountain, the Priuli fountain, Palmeti fountain, Sagredo fountain and Morosini fountain (in Lions Square). Also around the historic city center of Heraklion there are a series of defensive walls, bastions and other fortifications which built in the Middle Ages, but they were completely rebuilt by the Republic of Venice. The fortifications managed to withstand the longest siege in history for 21 years, before the city fell to the Ottomans in 1669. MunicipalityThe municipality Heraklion was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[12]
The municipality has an area of 244.613 km2, the municipal unit 109.026 km2.[13] Neighborhoods
Suburbs
TransportationPortHeraklion is an important shipping port and ferry dock. Travellers can take ferries and boats from Heraklion to destinations including Santorini, Ios Island, Paros, Mykonos, and Rhodes. There are direct ferries to Naxos, Karpathos, Kasos, Sitia, Anafi, Chalki and Diafani.[14] There are also several daily ferries to Piraeus, the port of Athens in mainland Greece. {{wide image|Crete Iraklio1 tango7174.jpg|950px|Panoramic view of the old harbour}}AirportHeraklion International Airport, or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=off}} east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a writer and a philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece after Athens International Airport, first in charter flights and the 65th busiest in Europe, because of Crete being a major holiday destination with 7.480.408 travellers in 2017 (List of the busiest airports in Europe). In April 2018, the inner space of the airport has been modernized and expanded by almost 3.000 s.m., with 11 new gates and new stores. The expansion was a donation by Hellenic Duty Free Shops. The airfield is shared with the 126th Combat Group of the Hellenic Air Force. A project for the new airport of Heraklion in Kasteli area is starting at the end of 2017.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Highway networkEuropean route E75 runs through the city and connects Heraklion with the three other major cities of Crete: Agios Nikolaos, Chania, and Rethymno. Public transitUrban buses serving the city, with 39 different routes.[15] Intercity buses connects Heraklion to many major destinations in Crete [https://www.ktelherlas.gr/en]. RailwayFrom 1922 to 1937, there was a working industrial railway, which connected the Koules in Heraklion to Xiropotamos for the construction of the harbor. A study from the year 2000 investigated the feasibility of two tram lines in Heraklion. The first line would link the Stadium to the airport, and the second the center of Heraklion and Knossos. No approval has yet been given for this proposal. In the summer of 2007, at the Congress of Cretan emigrants, held in Heraklion, two qualified engineers, George Nathenas (from Gonies, Malevizi Province) and Vassilis Economopoulos, recommended the development of a railway line in Crete, linking Chania, Rethymno and Heraklion, with a total journey time of 50 minutes (30 minutes between Heraklion and Rethymno, 20 minutes from Chania to Rethymno) and with provision for extensions to Kissamos, Kastelli Pediados (for the planned new airport), and Agios Nikolaos. No plans exist for implementing this idea. ClimateHeraklion has a hot-summer-Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). Summers are warm to hot and dry with clear skies. Dry hot days are often relieved by seasonal breezes. Winters are very mild with moderate rain. Because Heraklion is further south than Athens, it has a warmer climate during winter but cooler during summer because of the Aegean sea. The maximum temperature during the summer period is usually not more than 28 - 30 °C (Athens normal maximum temperature is about 6 °C hotter). The minimum temperature record is -0.2 °C A new temperature record for February was set at 27.8 °C, reached on 15 February 2016.[16]{{Weather box |location = Heraklion 1961–1990 |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 29.9 |Feb record high C = 29.2 |Mar record high C = 34.0 |Apr record high C = 37.5 |May record high C = 38.0 |Jun record high C = 41.3 |Jul record high C = 43.6 |Aug record high C = 44.5 |Sep record high C = 39.5 |Oct record high C = 37.0 |Nov record high C = 32.5 |Dec record high C = 28.5 |Jan high C = 15.2 |Feb high C = 15.5 |Mar high C = 16.8 |Apr high C = 20.2 |May high C = 23.5 |Jun high C = 27.3 |Jul high C = 28.6 |Aug high C = 28.4 |Sep high C = 26.4 |Oct high C = 23.1 |Nov high C = 20.1 |Dec high C = 17.0 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 12.6 |Feb mean C = 12.8 |Mar mean C = 13.8 |Apr mean C = 16.6 |May mean C = 20.2 |Jun mean C = 23.7 |Jul mean C = 25.7 |Aug mean C = 25.6 |Sep mean C = 23.4 |Oct mean C = 20.3 |Nov mean C = 17.4 |Dec mean C = 14.5 |year mean C = |Jan low C = 10.0 |Feb low C = 10.0 |Mar low C = 10.8 |Apr low C = 13.0 |May low C = 15.9 |Jun low C = 20.0 |Jul low C = 22.7 |Aug low C = 22.7 |Sep low C = 20.3 |Oct low C = 17.5 |Nov low C = 14.7 |Dec low C = 12.0 |year low C = |Jan record low C = 0.0 |Feb record low C = -0.8 |Mar record low C = 0.3 |Apr record low C = 4.2 |May record low C = 6.0 |Jun record low C = 12.2 |Jul record low C = 14.5 |Aug record low C = 16.6 |Sep record low C = 12.0 |Oct record low C = 8.7 |Nov record low C = 4.2 |Dec record low C = 2.4 |Jan precipitation mm = 91.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 77.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 57.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 30.0 |May precipitation mm = 15.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 3.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 1.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 19.5 |Oct precipitation mm = 68.8 |Nov precipitation mm = 58.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 77.1 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation days = 10.1 |Feb precipitation days = 9.1 |Mar precipitation days = 6.9 |Apr precipitation days = 3.4 |May precipitation days = 1.9 |Jun precipitation days = 0.5 |Jul precipitation days = 0.1 |Aug precipitation days = 0.1 |Sep precipitation days = 1.3 |Oct precipitation days = 4.9 |Nov precipitation days = 6.0 |Dec precipitation days = 8.9 |Jan sun = 117.8 |Feb sun = 124.7 |Mar sun = 176.7 |Apr sun = 228.0 |May sun = 300.7 |Jun sun = 351.0 |Jul sun = 372.0 |Aug sun = 347.2 |Sep sun = 282.0 |Oct sun = 198.4 |Nov sun = 150.0 |Dec sun = 120.9 |Jand sun = 3.8 |Febd sun = 4.5 |Mard sun = 5.7 |Aprd sun = 7.6 |Mayd sun = 9.7 |Jund sun = 11.7 |Juld sun = 12.0 |Augd sun = 11.2 |Sepd sun = 9.4 |Octd sun = 6.4 |Novd sun = 5.0 |Decd sun = 3.9 |Jan percentsun = 38 |Feb percentsun = 41 |Mar percentsun = 48 |Apr percentsun = 58 |May percentsun = 69 |Jun percentsun = 78 |Jul percentsun = 86 |Aug percentsun = 86 |Sep percentsun = 78 |Oct percentsun = 58 |Nov percentsun = 50 |Dec percentsun = 39 |source 1 = Weather Atlas [17] meteo-climat (extremes)[18] |date=December 2018}}
Colleges, universities, libraries, and research centers
CultureMuseums
SportsThe city is home to several sports clubs. Most notably, Heraklion hosts OFI and Ergotelis, two football clubs with earlier presence in the Greek Superleague, the top tier of the Greek football league system. Furthermore, the city is the headquarters of the Heraklion Football Clubs Association, which administers football in the entire region. Other notable sport clubs include Iraklio B.C. (basketball), Atsalenios (football) and Irodotos (football) in the suburbs of Atsalenio and Nea Alikarnassos respectively.
Famous nativesHeraklion has been the home town of some of Greece's most significant spirits, including the novelist Nikos Kazantzakis (perhaps best known for his novel Zorba the Greek), the poet and Nobel Prize winner Odysseas Elytis and the world-famous painter Domenicos Theotokopoulos (El Greco). Literature
Scientists and scholars
Painting and sculpture
Film industry
Music
Sports
Business
Politics
Law
Clergy
Fashion
Local TV stations
Local transport services
International relations{{Refimprove section|date=April 2017}}{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece}}Consulates
Twin towns and sister citiesHeraklion is twinned with:
Location
GallerySee also
References1. ^Pronunciation for Ηράκλειο 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gr/en/2011-census-pop-hous|title=2011 Population-Housing Census|website=www.statistics.gr|access-date=2019-02-24}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://blog.euromonitor.com/top-100-city-destination-ranking-2017/|title=Top 100 City Destination Ranking 2017|date=2017-01-26|website=Market Research Blog|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-01}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://blog.euromonitor.com/white_paper/top-100-city-destinations-ranking-wtm-london-2017-edition/|title=Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: WTM London 2017 Edition|website=Market Research Blog|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-01}} 5. ^Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v. Iķrīṭish 6. ^it was in use by the local people by 1867, see Samuel Gridley Howe, The Cretan refugees and their American helpers, 1867 [https://books.google.com/books?id=TXcKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q=heraclion&f=false] 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Whitelaw|first=Todd|last2=Morgan|first2=Catherine|date=November 2009|title=Crete|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0570608400001307|journal=Archaeological Reports|volume=55|pages=79|doi=10.1017/s0570608400001307|issn=0570-6084}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=David|last2=Day|first2=Peter|title="The Earlier Prepalatial Settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of Knossos", N. Dimopoulou, D.E. Wilson and P.M. Day, in P.M. Day and R. Doonan (eds.), Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology, 7, 2007), pp. 84-97|url=https://www.academia.edu/30665853/_The_Earlier_Prepalatial_Settlement_of_Poros-Katsambas_craft_production_and_exchange_at_the_harbour_town_of_Knossos_N._Dimopoulou_D.E._Wilson_and_P.M._Day_in_P.M._Day_and_R._Doonan_eds._Metallurgy_in_the_Early_Bronze_Age_Aegean_Sheffield_Studies_in_Aegean_Archaeology_7_2007_pp._84-97}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=History of Heraklion in Crete island - Greeka.com |url=https://www.greeka.com/crete/heraklion/heraklion-history.htm |website=Greeka |accessdate=11 February 2019 }} 10. ^The War for Candia 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.visit-ancient-greece.com/heraklion.html |title=Heraklion |accessdate=2 September 2015 |publisher=visit-ancient-greece.com}} 12. ^Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior {{el icon}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece |title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation) |language=el |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |archivedate=2015-09-21 }} 14. ^https://www.directferries.co.uk/heraklion_ferry.htm 15. ^Iraklio urban buses 16. ^http://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=16754&lang=en&decoded=yes&ndays=2&ano=2016&mes=02&day=16&hora=11 17. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/greece/heraklion-climate |title=Heraklion, Greece - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=25 January 2019 }} 18. ^{{cite web |url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-530-Heraklion.php |publisher = meteo-climat |accessdate = December 2, 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/greece/heraklion-climate |title=Heraklion, Greece - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=25 January 2019 }} 20. ^{{cite book |author=Lathrop C. Harper |title= Catalogue / Harper (Lathrop C.) inc., New York, Issue 232|publisher= Lathrop C. Harper, Inc |year= 1886 |page=36 |oclc=11558801|quote= Calliachius (1645–1707) was born on Crete and went to Italy at an early age, where he soon became one of the outstanding teachers of Greek and Latin. }} 21. ^{{cite book |author1=Rose, Hugh James |author2=Rose, Henry John |author3=Wright, Thomas |title= A new general biographical dictionary, Volume 5 |publisher= T. Fellowes |year= 1857 |page=425|oclc=309809847 |quote=CALLIACHI, (Nicholas,) a native of Candia, where he was born in 1645. He studied at Rome for ten years, at the end of which time he was made doctor of philosophy and theology. In 1666 he was invited to Venice, to take the chair of professor of the Greek and Latin languages, and of the Aristotelic philosophy; and in 1677 he was appointed professor of belles-lettres at Padua, where he died in 1707. His works on antiquities are valuable, and have been published by the marquis Poloni in the third volume of his Supplement to the Thesaurus Antiquitatum. }} 22. ^{{cite book |title=Convegno internazionale nuove idee e nuova arte nell '700 italiano, Roma, 19–23 maggio 1975 |publisher=Accademia nazionale dei Lincei |year=1977 |page=429 |oclc= 4666566 |quote= Nicolò Duodo riuniva alcuni pensatori ai quali Andrea Musalo, oriundo greco, professore di matematica e dilettante di architettura chiariva le nuove idée nella storia dell’arte.}} 23. ^{{cite book |author1=Carlo Capra |author2=Franco Della Peruta |author3=Fernando Mazzocca |title= Napoleone e la repubblica italiana: 1802–1805 |publisher= Skira |year= 2002 |page=200 |isbn= 978-88-8491-415-6 |quote= Simone Stratico, nato a Zara nel 1733 da famiglia originaria di Creta (abbandonata a seguito della conquista turca del 1669)}} 24. ^{{cite book |author=I︠A︡roslav Dmytrovych Isai︠e︡vych |title=Voluntary brotherhood: confraternities of laymen in early modern Ukraine |publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press |year=2006 |page= 47|isbn=1-894865-03-0 |quote= …the Greek merchants Constantine Korniakt and Manolis Arphanes Marinetos are added. This second redaction appeared no earlier than 1589, as wealthy Greeks began to join the confraternity at a later date, once it had expanded its activities. Korniakt was actually the wealthiest man in Lviv: he traded in Eastern, Western, and local goods, collected customs duty on behalf of the king, and owned a number of villages. }} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.limassolmunicipal.com.cy/twin.html|title=Limassol Twinned Cities|accessdate=2013-07-29|work=Limassol (Lemesos) Municipality|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401221134/http://www.limassolmunicipal.com.cy/twin.html |archivedate=2013-04-01}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kedke.gr/uploads/twinnedcities.pdf|title=Twinnings|accessdate=2013-08-25|work=Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece}} External links{{Commons category|Heraklion (town)}}{{Wikisource1911Enc|Candia}}
11 : Heraklion|824 establishments|Greek prefectural capitals|Greek regional capitals|Municipalities of Crete|Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit)|Populated places established in the 9th century|Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece|Port cities of the Aegean Sea|Fortified settlements|9th-century establishments in Greece |
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