| 词条 | Carangoides |
| 释义 |
| name = Carangoides | image =Carangoides orthogrammus.jpg | image_caption = The island trevally, Carangoides orthogrammus | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Actinopterygii | ordo = Perciformes | subordo = Percoidei | superfamilia = Percoidea | familia = Carangidae | genus = Carangoides | genus_authority = Bleeker, 1851 | type_species = Caranx praeustus Anonymous [Bennett], 1830 | synonyms =
| subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =See text for species }} Carangoides is a genus of tropical to subtropical marine fishes in the jack family, Carangidae. They are small- to large-sized, deep-bodied fish characterised by a certain gill raker and jaw morphology, often appearing very similar to jacks in the genus Caranx. They inhabit the subtropical and tropical regions of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, often occupying coastal areas, including reefs, bays, and estuaries, rarely venturing far offshore. They are all predatory fishes, taking a variety of smaller fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods as prey. The genus was first erected in 1851 by Pieter Bleeker for an unknown taxon and currently contains 21 species. Many make up significant proportions of various fisheries, although a number of ciguatera cases have been attributed to them. TaxonomyThe genus Carangoides is one of 31 genera in the jack and horse mackerel family, Carangidae, which are perciform fishes in the suborder Percoidei.[1] A number of recent phylogenetic studies on the family has placed Carangoides in the subfamily Caranginae (or tribe Carangini), being most closely related to the genera Alectis, Atropus, Selene, and Uraspis.[2][3] Carangoides was created by Pieter Bleeker in 1851 to accommodate a species of carangid fish, although the species he created the genus for is unknown. To rectify this, Caranx praeustus was selected to be the type species of the genus.[4] Carangid classification was initially very difficult, with many genera and species described, many of which were synonymous. Later reviews of the family eventually placed 21 species into Carangoides, leaving a number of genera synonymous with it.[5] Carangoides takes priority over these other genera because its type species, Caranx praeustus, was described by an unknown author before the other species and genera were erected. The species of the genus are often referred to as jacks or trevallies, and sometimes more specifically as 'island jacks'. The name Carangoides is derived from the French carangue, meaning 'fish of the Caribbean'.[5]SpeciesThe currently recognized species in this genus are:[6]
DescriptionIn their general morphology, the species of Carangoides are very similar to a number of other carangid genera, especially Caranx. They grow to a range of sizes, most attaining a length less than {{convert|50|cm|0|abbr=on}}, but with the largest fish of the genus reaching at least 1 m and over 65 kg in weight.[7] They have a relatively deep, compressed body, with the dorsal profile usually far more convex than the ventral, with a tapering posterior. The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first consisting of spines, and the second of one or two spines followed by a number of soft rays. The anal fin has detached spines preceding a long soft ray section headed by up to two spines. The caudal fin is large and forked and the pectoral fin is large, usually longer than the head. All species have scutes on the posterior section of their lateral lines.[7] The genus is defined as having gill rakers of normal length and shape, with a total number of gill rakers between 21 and 37 on the first gill arch. Both upper and lower jaws have a band of teeth present and the breast is naked ventrally to completely scaled.[4][7] The species are often dull in coloration, mostly being silver, getting darker dorsally and lighter ventrally. Often, they have green or blue tinges to their bodies, but fade rapidly after death. A few, such as the orange-spotted trevally, have far more brilliant coloration, incorporating bright orange and yellow spotting. The fins are usually hyaline to grey, and occasionally blue or yellow.[8] Distribution and habitatThe Carangoides species are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical oceans of the world, occupying the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. They occur on the coastlines of countries in this range, although are most prolific in the Indo-Pacific region, having high species densities around Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and northern Australia.[5] Most species are coastal in nature, inhabiting continental shelf marine environments including reefs, bays, sandflats, lagoons, and even estuaries.[7] Biology and fisheriesThe Carangoides species are mostly schooling in nature, becoming more solitary with age. They are all predatory, taking a variety of fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans.[7] Like all of the Carangidae, they are oviparous, do not guard their eggs, and (if known) display differing reproductive traits and timing between species.[5] All of the species are of minor to significant importance to fisheries, with some also being of interest to recreational fishermen. Like all jacks and trevallies, they can be caught on a variety of baits and lures, and with some members reaching 1 m in length, are considered formidable game fish.[9] They are generally considered to be excellent to fair table fare,[10] although a number of ciguatera poisonings have been linked to the species of this genus. As with all tropical fish, consuming smaller fish carries a lesser risk of being affected by the disease, with larger fish having accumulated more of the toxin.[11] References1. ^{{ITIS | id = 168755 | taxon = Carangoides | accessdate = 29 January 2008 }} 2. ^{{cite journal | last = Reed | first = David L. |author2=Carpenter, Kent E. |author3=deGravelle, Martin J. | title = Molecular systematics of the Jacks (Perciformes: Carangidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian approaches | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 513–524 | publisher = Elsevier Science | location = USA | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00036-2 | pmid = 12099802 }} 3. ^{{cite journal | last = Zhu | first = Shi-Hua |author2=Wen-Juan Zing |author3=Ji-Xing Zou |author4=Yin-Chung Yang |author5=Xi-Quan Shen | title = Molecular phylogenetic relationship of Carangidae based on the sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene | journal = Acta Zoologica Sinica | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 641–650 | year = 2007 | url = http://www.actazool.org/paperdetail.asp?id=6630&volume=53&number=4&bgpage=641&=endpage650&year=2007&month=8 | accessdate = 2008-01-03 }} 4. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Lin | first = Pai-Lei |author2=Shao, Kwang-Tsao | title = A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records | journal = Zoological Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–68 | date = 2 April 1999 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944 | accessdate = }} 5. ^1 2 3 {{FishBase genus | genus = Carangoides | year = 2008 | month = June}} 6. ^{{FishBase genus | genus = Carangoides| month = February | year = 2013}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |editor-last = Carpenter |editor-first = Kent E. |editor2=Volker H. Niem | title = FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) | publisher = FAO | year = 2001 | location = Rome | pages = 2684 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/y4160e/y4160e00.pdf | isbn = 92-5-104587-9 }} 8. ^{{cite book | last = Randall | first = John Ernest |author2=Roger C. Steene |author3=Gerald R. Allen | title = Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1997 | pages = 155 | isbn = 0-8248-1895-4 }} 9. ^{{cite book | last = Starling | first = S. | title = The Australian Fishing Book | publisher = Bacragas Pty. Ltd. | year = 1988 | location = Hong Kong | pages = 488 | isbn = 0-7301-0141-X }} 10. ^{{cite book | last = Davidson | first = Alan | title = Seafood of South-East Asia: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes | publisher = Ten Speed Press | year = 2004 | pages = 59 | isbn = 1-58008-452-4}} 11. ^{{cite book | last = Miller| first = Donald M. | title = Ciguatera Seafood Toxins | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1990 | pages = 8–9| isbn = 0-8493-6073-0 }} External links
3 : Carangoides|Marine fish genera|Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。