| 词条 | Hereford |
| 释义 |
|country = England |official_name = Hereford |coordinates = {{coord|52.0565|-2.7160|display=inline,title}} |civil_parish = Hereford |population = 58,896 |population_ref = [1] |unitary_england = Herefordshire |region = West Midlands |lieutenancy_england = Herefordshire |constituency_westminster = Hereford and South Herefordshire |post_town = HEREFORD |postcode_area = HR |postcode_district = HR1-HR4 |dial_code = 01432 |os_grid_reference = SO515405 |london_distance = 135.7m |static_image_name = Wye Bridge, Hereford.jpg |static_image_caption = Hereford Cathedral and Wye Bridge }} Hereford ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-uk-Hereford.ogg|ˈ|h|ɛr|ᵻ|f|ər|d}}) is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately {{convert|16|mi|km}} east of the border with Wales, {{convert|24|mi|km}} southwest of Worcester, and {{convert|23|mi|km}} northwest of Gloucester. With a population of 58,896,[1] it is the largest settlement in the county. The name "Hereford" is said to come from the Anglo-Saxon "here", an army or formation of soldiers, and the "ford", a place for crossing a river. If this is the origin it suggests that Hereford was a place where a body of armed men forded or crossed the Wye. The Welsh name for Hereford is Henffordd, meaning "old road", and probably refers to the Roman road and Roman settlement at nearby Stretton Sugwas. Much of the county of Herefordshire was Welsh-speaking, as reflected in the Welsh names of many places in the county (see History of Herefordshire). An early town charter from 1189 granted by Richard I of England describes it as "Hereford in Wales".[2] Hereford has been recognised as a city since time immemorial, with the status being reconfirmed as recently as October 2000.[3][4] It is now known chiefly as a trading centre for a wider agricultural and rural area. Products from Hereford include: cider, beer, leather goods, nickel alloys, poultry, chemicals, and cattle, including the famous Hereford breed. HistoryHereford became the seat of Putta, Bishop of Hereford, some time between AD 676 and 688, after which the settlement continued to grow due to its proximity to the border between Mercia and Wales, becoming the Saxon capital of West Mercia by the beginning of the 8th century.[5] Hostilities between the Anglo-Saxons and the Welsh came to a head with the Battle of Hereford in 760, in which the Britons freed themselves from the influence of the English.[6] Hereford was again targeted by the Welsh during their conflict with the Anglo-Saxon King Edward the Confessor in AD 1056 when, supported by Viking allies, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd and Powys, marched on the town and put it to the torch before returning home in triumph.[7] Hereford had the only mint west of the Severn in the reign of Athelstan (924–39), and it was to Hereford, then a border town, that Athelstan summoned the leading Welsh princes.[8] The present Hereford Cathedral dates from the early 12th century, as does the first bridge across the Wye.[9] Former Bishops of Hereford include Saint Thomas de Cantilupe and Lord High Treasurer of England Thomas Charlton. The city gave its name to two suburbs of Paris, France: Maisons-Alfort (population 54,600) and Alfortville (population 36,232), due to a manor built there by Peter of Aigueblanche, Bishop of Hereford, in the middle of the 13th century. Hereford, a base for successive holders of the title Earl of Hereford, was once the site of a castle, Hereford Castle, which rivalled that of Windsor in size and scale. This was a base for repelling Welsh attacks and a secure stronghold for English kings such as King Henry IV when on campaign in the Welsh Marches against Owain Glyndŵr. The castle was dismantled in the 18th century and landscaped into Castle Green. After the Battle of Mortimer's Cross in 1461, during the Wars of the Roses, the defeated Lancastrian leader Owen Tudor (grandfather of the future Henry VII of England) was taken to Hereford by Sir Roger Vaughan and executed in High Town. A plaque now marks the spot of the execution. Vaughan was later himself executed, under a flag of truce, by Owen's son Jasper. During the civil war the city changed hands several times. On 30 September 1642 Parliamentarians led by Sir Robert Harley and Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford occupied the city without opposition. In December they withdrew to Gloucester because of the presence in the area of a Royalist army under Lord Herbert. The city was again occupied briefly from 23 April to 18 May 1643 by Parliamentarians commanded by Sir William Waller but it was in 1645 that the city saw most action. On 31 July 1645 a Scottish army of 14,000 under Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven besieged the city but met stiff resistance from its garrison and inhabitants. They withdrew on 1 September when they received news that a force led by King Charles was approaching. The city was finally taken for Parliament on 18 December 1645 by Colonel Birch and Colonel Morgan. King Charles showed his gratitude to the city of Hereford on 16 September 1645 by augmenting the city's coat of arms with the three lions of Richard I of England, ten Scottish Saltires signifying the ten defeated Scottish regiments, a very rare lion crest on top of the coat of arms signifying "defender of the faith" and the even rarer gold-barred peer's helm, found only on the arms of one other municipal authority: those of the City of London.[10] Nell Gwynne, actress and mistress of King Charles II, is said to have been born in Hereford in 1650 (although other towns and cities, notably Oxford, also claim her as their own); Gwynn Street is named after her. Another famous actor born in Hereford is David Garrick (1717–1779). The Bishop's Palace next to the Cathedral was built in 1204 and continually used to the present day.[11][12] Hereford Cathedral School is also one of the oldest schools in England. The Harold Street Barracks were completed in 1856.[13] During World War I, in 1916, a fire at the Garrick Theatre killed eight young girls who had been performing at a charity concert.[14] GovernanceThe main local government body covering Hereford is Herefordshire Council. Hereford has a "City Council" but this is actually a parish council with city status, and has only limited powers. Historically Hereford has been the county town of Herefordshire. In 1974 Herefordshire was merged with Worcestershire to become part of the county of Hereford and Worcester, and Hereford became a district of the new county. Hereford had formed a historic borough and was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.[15] On 1 April 1998 the County of Hereford and Worcester was abolished, and Herefordshire and Worcestershire were re-established as separate counties, although with slightly altered borders.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} However the new Herefordshire was a unitary authority without any districts, and so Hereford lost its district status (although, confusingly, the authority's full legal name is the County of Herefordshire District Council). Charter Trustees were appointed to preserve mayoral traditions until a civil parish council could be set up, which happened in 2000. Hereford is one of only eight civil parishes in England which have city status. Hereford was the name of a parliamentary constituency centring on the city, from 1295 to 2010, when it was renamed as Hereford and South Herefordshire. The current member of the House of Commons for Hereford and South Herefordshire is Jesse Norman of the Conservative Party. GeographyClimateAs with all of the UK, Hereford experiences a maritime climate, with limited seasonal temperature ranges, and generally moderate rainfall throughout the year. The nearest Met Office weather station for which 30-year averages are available is Credenhill weather station, about {{convert|4|mi|0}} north east of the city centre. Before 2001, the weather station at Preston Wynne (7 miles, 11 km to the north-east) provided the data.[16] Since 2001, extremes at Hereford Credenhill have ranged from {{convert|33.6|°C|°F}}[17] during July 2006, to as low as {{convert|-15.8|°C|°F}} during December 2010.[18] [19]Transport{{The Railways of Hereford}}RoadsThere have been plans for many years for a north–south bypass[20] and currently the plan is for a nine-mile (14 km) dual carriageway; however, HM Government as yet has refused to grant permission or supply funds. However, as of April 2017, Herefordshire Council are doing work on a new Hereford Link Road. Until then the A49 Trunk Road, A465, and A438 continue to run through the city centre. Hereford has been named as the UK's second slowest city with vehicles averaging speeds of 14.09 mph. RailHereford is served by a 4-platform railway station on the Welsh Marches Line which opened in 1854. Services regularly connect to Worcester, Birmingham, London, Manchester, Cardiff and other settlements in Wales. The station is currently operated by Transport for Wales. A second station, Hereford Barton, was closed and later redeveloped. Military associationsIn 1999, the British Army Special Air Service (SAS) moved from their base at Stirling Lines in Hereford since 1960 to a former Royal Air Force base RAF Credenhill in Credenhill that had been redeveloped and was designated as Stirling Lines in 2000. The clock tower on which the names of deceased SAS soldiers are inscribed was re-located.[21] EconomyThe main public service employers in Hereford include:
In 2005 Hereford was granted Fairtrade City status.[22] Major employers in the city include:
Other major companies based in Herefordshire include:
Herefordshire is a global centre for cider production as it supports many acres of orchards, so many breweries and associated organisations exist here, along with other heavy and light industries.[27] Within the city, many are based at the Rotherwas Industrial Estate. RegenerationMany of the schools in Hereford have been rebuilt and improved.[28] The Herefordshire and Ludlow College has also been rebuilt to a 21st-century standard.[29] A new NMITE (New Model in Technology and Engineering) university is also planned, which will teach STEM subjects and was stated to open in 2016, but is now due to intake the first cohort of students in 2019. There has also been a number of improvements at Hereford Sixth Form College, where a new business block extension was completed in 2013 and a new reception area was completed in 2015. Hereford benefitted from the PFI reconstruction schemes for NHS hospitals, with the former County Hospital site having £60 million spent on a brand new, one-site hospital to replace the former 3 hospitals: the General, the Eye Hospital, and the County Hospital. The new Hereford County Hospital was the single largest investment in Herefordshire at that point. In 2015, further funds for more improvements at the hospital were granted. Current and future projectsA major regeneration project is taking place in Hereford city centre, formerly known as the Edgar Street Grid. This covers an area of around {{convert|100|acre|km2}} just north of the old city walls. Work started on 8 October 2012,[30] and should take around 15 years to complete the whole project. The regeneration includes the rebuilding of the canal basin at the end of the currently disused Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal. The £80 million phase 1 includes a supermarket, department store, multiplex cinema, shops, restaurants, and other facilities and opened in late Spring 2014.[31] The Butter Market is also due for refurbishment and proposals are being examined. A proposed bypass has been drawn up to circulate the city, which suffers from rush hour traffic, with potential routes either to the east or west of the city. Both routes would connect with the Rotherwas Access Road which was recently completed, connecting the Rotherwas Industrial Estate to the A49. Rotherwas itself has recently been awarded an Enterprise Zone status by the government which is expected to boost the economy and bring in thousands of new jobs.[32] A second railway station for Hereford has been discussed, which would be situated in Rotherwas as part of the Enterprise Zone. Hereford is due to receive half of the 20,600 new homes expected to be built in the county by 2026 as part of the Regional Spatial Strategy.[33] SportHereford is the home of the football club, Hereford FC and they play at Edgar Street in the National League North. They are a phoenix club that was set up in the wake of the demise of Hereford United Football Club in 2014. United were best known for beating Newcastle 2-1 in an FA Cup replay in January 1972, when they were still a non-league side and Newcastle were in the top division of English football. Other notable city clubs include Westfields and Pegasus Juniors. Hereford Rugby Club announced plans in 2012 for a major £6 million move to a new home.[34]Hereford Hockey Club is based at the Hereford City Sports Club, with teams entered into leagues in the West Hockey Association.[35] The city is also home to Hereford Racecourse, a traditional National Hunt course to the north of the city centre which hosted around twenty meetings a year. The company who leased the site decided in 2012 that the site was not viable. What many thought to be the last meeting was held on 16 December 2012, however the course reopened for racing in October 2016.[36] Many golf courses surround the city at Wormsley (Herefordshire GC), Burghill and Brockington. The racecourse surrounds a golf course in Holmer. Public leisureHereford's public leisure facilities are managed by a not-for-profit trust called HALO Leisure, which runs the Hereford Leisure Centre (that includes huge sports halls, gymnasium, squash courts, and an outdoor athletics facility), and the Hereford Leisure Pool (which includes a gymnasium, full size swimming pool, leisure pool, diving pool, and learners pool). Clubs and societiesThe Hereford Rowing Club (along with the Kayak Club) uses the River Wye; it is a popular club with a junior group. The stretch of river is also used for other water sports. Hereford has a nine pin skittle league, formed on 24 October 1902, and today consists of five divisions.[37] Hereford has other clubs and societies including the Railway Club, Welsh Club, Military Club, Richmond Place Club and the Whitecross Squash & Lawn Tennis Club. Hereford has several music clubs/societies such as Herefordshire Youth Orchestra, a group for those up to the age of 21 which anyone in and around the Herefordshire area can audition for. The orchestra is conducted by both Sir Richard Mynors and Hazel Davis. EducationUniversityPlans are now in progress to create a new university in Hereford.[38] CollegesHereford is home to five colleges, including:
The National School of Blacksmithing is the oldest established Blacksmithing college in the UK, also the largest facility for training smiths in Europe.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} This is also part of HLC.[39]
SchoolsHereford's many secondary schools include:
Primary schools in the city include Hereford Cathedral Junior School, a co-educational independent school. Hereford Cathedral Junior School is, with Hereford Cathedral School, part of the ancient Hereford Cathedral Foundation dating back to 676. The Junior School was founded as an independent school in 1898. The City's other primary schools are: Lord Scudamore Academy, St James C of E, St Francis Xavier R.C, Trinity, Holmer C of E, Marlbrook, Riverside, St Martin's, Broadlands, Riverside, Hampton Dene and St Paul's C of E. Health and social careIn early 2008, Herefordshire Council and NHS Herefordshire became the first local authority and Primary Care Trust to form a new kind of partnership.[49] The major hospital in Hereford is the Hereford County Hospital. Ambulance services are provided by the West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust. The Midlands Air Ambulance charity provides air ambulance services across Herefordshire. A private national firm operates a hospital in Hereford, and the city is well populated with council-funded, private and charity based nursing, residential and other elderly care homes and facilities. Society and cultureAgricultureFarming has played a major part in the history of the county of Herefordshire, and for many years the City of Hereford was the epicentre, playing host to the Cattle Market; a major market site.[50]With the 2001 foot-and-mouth outbreak the market suffered with trade reduced. Established by Act of Parliament, the market had to be provided, and so a Bill was introduced in 2003[51] to move the site to the outskirts of the city. The inner city site would then be available for redevelopment, a process that has now finished. The new Hereford Cattle Market opened its doors in August 2011 on the site just outside the city[52] and has already proved so successful that trading and business is up on the previous site's record.[53] MusicThe annual Three Choirs Festival, originating in the 18th century and one of the oldest music festivals in the British Isles, is held in Hereford every third year, the other venues being Gloucester and Worcester. Composer Sir Edward Elgar lived at Plas Gwyn, Eign Hill, in Hereford between 1904 and 1911, writing some of his most famous works during that time. He is commemorated with a statue on the Cathedral Close. One of his Enigma Variations was inspired by a bulldog named Dan falling into the River Wye at Hereford, and the dog is similarly honoured with a wooden statue beside the river. Not long after moving into the city he was (despite not being a city council member) offered but declined the office of mayor of the city. He also visited the city as a conductor at the Three Choirs Festival, the last occasion in 1933 prior to his death.[54] Hereford is home to the Hereford Police Male Voice Choir who competed on the BBC TV show "Last Choir Standing",[55] and the Railway Choir. A charity music school is also based in Hereford.[56] The hymn tune ‘Hereford’ was written by Samuel Sebastian Wesley (1810-1876). He was an organist at Hereford Cathedral (1832-1835). This tune is often sung to the words ‘O Thou who camest from above’.[57] ArtH.Art, or Herefordshire Art Week, is an annual county-wide exhibition held in September, displaying the work of local artists.[58] Many places usually closed to the public are opened during this week, such as the Bishop's Palace at the Cathedral. Polish-born sculptor Walenty Pytel has had studios in Hereford since 1963 after training at Hereford College of Art. There is a statue of a Bronze Hereford bull designed by Brian Alabaster ARBS in front of The Old House[59] LiteratureThe troops of the fictional commando squad Rainbow were based at RAF Hereford, as detailed in the novel Rainbow Six. The action of the fictional novels Shades of Grey and The Last Dragonslayer by Jasper Fforde take place in Hereford.[60] Phil Rickman's Merrily Watkins series of supernatural and mystery novels is set in and around Hereford.[61]Comedy writer Aaron Gillies began writing using Twitter while working as a sound technician at The Courtyard.[62] MediaThe local radio stations are Free Radio (formerly known as Wyvern FM) which broadcasts on 97.6-96.7-102.8 FM, Sunshine Radio on 106.2 FM, BBC Hereford and Worcester which broadcasts on 94.7FM, Like Radio Like Music, Like Radio. Digital Radio Station available on DAB, Online and On The Go. The station covers Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Gloucester, Cheltenham and Birmingham. The Hereford Times is the city's only remaining weekly local newspaper as the 'Hereford Journal' ceased publication on 11 June 2014 and the 'Hereford admag' ceased publication in September 2018. Local TV content is currently provided by BBC Midlands Today and ITV Central News. EntertainmentThe city's main theatre and cultural venue is the Courtyard Centre for the Arts which was opened in 1998, replacing the New Hereford Theatre. There is also a multi screen Odeon cinema in the Old Market precinct. MFA Bowl (formerly known as TGS), home to a Ten Pin Bowling alley and Mini Golf course is located near the railway station. There is also a dedicated Skatepark on Holmer Road. Notable peopleJohn Kemble, Catholic priest and martyr, was born near Hereford. Nell Gwyn, David Garrick and Sarah Siddons, actors and actresses, are all historical figures popularly associated with Hereford. Major-General Stringer Lawrence, first commander-in-chief of British troops in India, under whose command Robert Clive served, was born in Hereford. Broadcaster Gilbert Harding was born there when his father was master of the local workhouse, as was contemporary actress Beryl Reid. The original lineup of The Pretenders, with the exception of lead singer Chrissie Hynde, were from Hereford, as were the rock band Mott the Hoople. Frank Oz, puppeteer for The Muppets and Yoda of Star Wars was born in Hereford and lived there for the first five years of his life.[63]Footballer Connor Wickham was born in the city.[64] Ellie Goulding, pop singer and songwriter was born in Hereford. Hereford is the current home of television personality, Wincey Willis. The highwayman William Spiggot declared before his execution to the Ordinary's Accounts[65] of Newgate Prison in London that he was the son of an innkeeper from Hereford.[66] Tourism and attractionsHereford Cathedral dates from 1079 and contains the Mappa Mundi, a medieval map of the world dating from the 13th century which was restored in the late 20th century. It also has a chained library.[67]The Old House, Hereford is an historic black and white house in the centre of High Town in Hereford. It is now a museum about life in the Jacobean era of the 1600s when it was built. The Hereford Museum and Art Gallery, housed in a Victorian Gothic building and opened in 1874, presents artefacts, fine art, and decorative art associated with the local area. The Hereford Cider Museum is in the city, with a shop, and an interactive guide to producing the drink. It is a registered Charity Trust founded in the early 1970s by people who wanted to record the past, and also the disappearing traditional art of cider making that had been practiced for generations on the farms in the "Cider Counties". Situated in an old cider factory, it opened in 1980 and 1981.{{Which|date=November 2015}} In the spring/summer a cider festival is held, started in the mid-1980s, by the Friends of the Museum with the advice of Long Ashton Research station near Bristol. It has a display of named cider apples, and the apples are pressed in the old way. The Museum holds in its Pomological Archive a number of records pertaining to apples and cider. The Violette Szabo Museum is in Wormelow village, outside the city. Holme Lacy House, now a hotel for a national chain, was built near the city by John Scudamore in the 1500s. It has played host to famous historical figures in its time.[68]FestivalsSeveral festivals are hosted in Hereford including the Beer on the Wye festival, the Hereford Food Festival, and the Three Choirs Festival. Twin towns
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/leisure-and-culture/local-history-and-heritage/archives-collections/herefordshire-population/#hereford|title=Visit Herefordshire Archive and Records Centre|first=Alice|last=Higgins|website=www.herefordshire.gov.uk|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191032/https://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/leisure-and-culture/local-history-and-heritage/archives-collections/herefordshire-population/#hereford|archivedate=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.herefordwebpages.co.uk/charters.shtml | title= The Royal Charters of the City of Hereford | work= Hereford Web Pages | accessdate= 7 September 2011 | deadurl= no | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120115175947/http://www.herefordwebpages.co.uk/charters.shtml | archivedate= 15 January 2012 | df= dmy-all }} 3. ^Beckett, J V (2005). City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002, Historical urban studies. Aldershot: Ashgate. 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.herefordcitycouncil.gov.uk/history/municipal-history/charters/ |title=Hereford City Council Charter |publisher=Herefordcitycouncil.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212221809/http://www.herefordcitycouncil.gov.uk/history/municipal-history/charters/ |archivedate=12 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 5. ^Sims-Williams "Putta (d. c.688)" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020003627/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22912 |date=20 October 2012 }} Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6. ^Annales Cambriae 7. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124557/http://www.archenfield.com/history_anglosaxon.htm ] 8. ^J and M Tonkin, The Book of Hereford, 1975 9. ^J. Hillaby, Bishop Richard de Capella and the foundation of Herefordshire's market towns, in Woolhope Naturalists Field Club,Essays in honour of Jim and Muriel Tonkin, 2011 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ngw.nl/int/gbr/h/hereford.htm |title=Coat of arms of Hereford (England) |publisher=Ngw.nl |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315090804/http://www.ngw.nl/int/gbr/h/hereford.htm |archivedate=15 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-769-1/ahds/dissemination/pdf/vol04/4_069_080.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-09-06 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217231722/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-769-1/ahds/dissemination/pdf/vol04/4_069_080.pdf |archivedate=17 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.localhistories.org/hereford.html |title=A History of Hereford |publisher=Localhistories.org |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107033042/http://www.localhistories.org/hereford.html |archivedate=7 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.redditchadvertiser.co.uk/news/regional/14972455.Plans_to_demolish_former_barracks_to_build_boarding_school_refused/|title=Plans to demolish former barracks in Harold Street, Hereford to build Hereford Cathedral School boarding school refused|date=16 December 2016|publisher=Redditch Advertiser|accessdate=24 September 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924225934/http://www.redditchadvertiser.co.uk/news/regional/14972455.Plans_to_demolish_former_barracks_to_build_boarding_school_refused/|archivedate=24 September 2017|df=dmy-all}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-25154112|title=World War One: Hereford theatre fire killed eight at fundraiser|last=Chester|first=Jerry|date=24 February 2014|work=BBC Online|accessdate=27 February 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303121958/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-25154112|archivedate=3 March 2014|df=dmy-all}} 15. ^Vision of Britain – Hereford MB {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109183737/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit_page.jsp?u_id=10024559 |date=9 January 2006 }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcq04hx21|title=Hereford climate|first=Met|last=Office|website=www.metoffice.gov.uk|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906183129/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcq04hx21|archivedate=6 September 2015|df=dmy-all}} 17. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/HEREFORD_CREDENHILL/19-07-2006/35220.htm |title = July 2006 Maximum |accessdate = 2 March 2011 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724114214/http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/HEREFORD_CREDENHILL/19-07-2006/35220.htm |archivedate = 24 July 2011 |df = dmy-all}} 18. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/HEREFORD_CREDENHILL/26-12-2010/35220.htm |title = December 2010 minimum |accessdate = 2 March 2011 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724114234/http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/HEREFORD_CREDENHILL/26-12-2010/35220.htm |archivedate = 24 July 2011 |df = dmy-all}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/United-Kingdom/Hereford/climate-profile.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-08-12 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129122640/http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/United-Kingdom/Hereford/climate-profile.aspx |archivedate=29 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}? 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/4157187.High_hopes_for_Hereford___60m_bypass_bid/ |title=Hereford Times |publisher=Hereford Times |date=27 February 2009 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404142710/http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/4157187.High_hopes_for_Hereford___60m_bypass_bid/ |archivedate=4 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 21. ^{{cite news|last=Staff|date=19 May 1980|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924110,00.html|title=World: Britain's SAS.: Who Dares Wins|newspaper=Time|accessdate=9 January 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120104040/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924110,00.html|archivedate=20 January 2011|df=dmy-all}} 22. ^{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hereford/worcs/4323795.stm | work= BBC News | title= Fairtrade status given in county | date= 6 March 2005 | accessdate= 10 December 2007 | deadurl= no | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110917132837/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hereford/worcs/4323795.stm | archivedate= 17 September 2011 | df= dmy-all }} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bulmer.com/age.cfm?url=/ |title=Bulmers – Getting things ready for 2012 (winter) |publisher=Bulmer.com |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019151806/http://www.bulmer.com/age.cfm?url=%2F |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.specialmetals.com/history.php|title=Special Metals Wiggin Ltd|publisher=www.specialmetals.com|accessdate=16 August 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421064350/http://www.specialmetals.com/history.php|archivedate=21 April 2008|df=dmy-all}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cargill.com/about/organization/sun_valley_europe.htm|title=Cargill Meats Europe|publisher=www.cargill.com|accessdate=16 August 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801171131/http://www.cargill.com/about/organization/sun_valley_europe.htm|archivedate=1 August 2008|df=dmy-all}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.painterbrothers.com|title=Painter Brothers|publisher=www.painterbrothers.com|accessdate=16 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921101337/http://www.painterbrothers.com/|archivedate=21 September 2008|df=dmy-all}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/regional/herefordshire/11114579.Update__UBL_Ledbury___Cider_production_to_shift_to_Hereford/|title=Update: UBL Ledbury - Cider production to shift to Hereford|website=Hereford Times|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095220/http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/regional/herefordshire/11114579.Update__UBL_Ledbury___Cider_production_to_shift_to_Hereford/|archivedate=7 April 2014|df=dmy-all}} 28. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hereford/worcs/8189738.stm |title=BBC News |publisher=BBC News |date=7 August 2009 |accessdate=28 January 2012}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hct.ac.uk/College/h_campus.html |title=Herefordshire College of Technology |publisher=Hct.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124130426/http://www.hct.ac.uk/College/h_campus.html |archivedate=24 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/9172256.Work_starts_on_Hereford_s_old_cattle_market/ |title=Work Starts on Hereford's Old Cattle Market |publisher=Herefordtimes.com |date=2 August 2011 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404142654/http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/9172256.Work_starts_on_Hereford_s_old_cattle_market/ |archivedate=4 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stanhopeplc.com/?page=42&id=617 |title=Stanhope PLC |publisher=Stanhope PLC |date=5 January 2011 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330053522/http://www.stanhopeplc.com/?page=42&id=617 |archivedate=30 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 32. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-14555547 |title=Rotherwas named Enterprise Zone |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=17 August 2011 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904050723/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-14555547 |archivedate=4 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wmra.gov.uk/Planning_and_Regional_Spatial_Strategy/Regional_Spatial_Strategy/Regional_Spatial_Strategy_(RSS).aspx |title=West Midlands Regional Spatial Strategy |publisher=Wmra.gov.uk |date=31 March 2010 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228022336/http://www.wmra.gov.uk/Planning_and_Regional_Spatial_Strategy/Regional_Spatial_Strategy/Regional_Spatial_Strategy_(RSS).aspx |archivedate=28 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 34. ^{{cite web |last=Woodman |first=Ian |url=http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/herefordrfc/news/outline-planning-permission-gr-368789.html |title=Planning permission for new club |publisher=Pitchero.com |date=1 September 2011 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022061704/http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/herefordrfc/news/outline-planning-permission-gr-368789.html |archivedate=22 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 35. ^{{cite web |last= |first= |url=http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/herefordhockeyclub/ |title=Hereford Hockey Club |publisher=Pitchero.com |date=13 October 2014 |accessdate=13 October 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017065218/http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/herefordhockeyclub/ |archivedate=17 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 36. ^{{cite web|title=Hereford: Horse racing returns after four-year absence following closure|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/37573642|website=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010164308/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/horse-racing/37573642|archivedate=10 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} 37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.herefordskittles.org/public_html/pages/history.htm |title=Hereford Skittles Club |publisher=Herefordskittles.org |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316101450/http://www.herefordskittles.org/public_html/pages/history.htm |archivedate=16 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://nmite.org.uk/|title=New Model in Technology & Engineering - A new model for engineering education|website=nmite.org.uk|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307193918/http://nmite.org.uk/|archivedate=7 March 2015|df=dmy-all}} 39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hct.ac.uk/College/rural_crafts.html |title=HCT Rural Crafts Centre |publisher=Hct.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131063113/http://www.hct.ac.uk/College/rural_crafts.html |archivedate=31 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 40. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pershore.ac.uk/ |title=Holme Lacy College |publisher=Pershore.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070728041200/http://www.pershore.ac.uk/ |archivedate=28 July 2007 |df=dmy-all }} 41. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hct.ac.uk/College/hl_campus.html |title=Holme Lacy Campus |publisher=Hct.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124120708/http://www.hct.ac.uk/College/hl_campus.html |archivedate=24 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.steineracademyhereford.eu/ |title=Steiner Academy Hereford |publisher=Steineracademyhereford.eu |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214004741/http://www.steineracademyhereford.eu/ |archivedate=14 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 43. ^Anthroposophy 44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aylestone.hereford.sch.uk |title=Aylestone School |publisher=Aylestone.hereford.sch.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207035029/http://www.aylestone.hereford.sch.uk/ |archivedate=7 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theherefordacademy.org.uk |title=The Hereford Academy Official Website |publisher=Theherefordacademy.org.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306195711/http://www.theherefordacademy.org.uk/ |archivedate=6 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theherefordacademy.org.uk/latest_news/index.aspx?np=/latest_news/the_hereford_academy_new_build_update.aspx |title=The Hereford Academy's New Building |publisher=Theherefordacademy.org.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306195753/http://www.theherefordacademy.org.uk/latest_news/index.aspx?np=%2Flatest_news%2Fthe_hereford_academy_new_build_update.aspx |archivedate=6 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 47. ^St. Marys RC High School {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802143116/http://www.st-maryshigh.hereford.sch.uk/home.htm/ |date=2 August 2010 }} 48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.whitecross.hereford.sch.uk/ |title=Whitecross High School & Sports College |publisher=Whitecross.hereford.sch.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210223817/http://www.whitecross.hereford.sch.uk/ |archivedate=10 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.herefordshire.nhs.uk/55.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315040901/http://www.herefordshire.nhs.uk/55.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=15 March 2011 |title=Who are we? |publisher=Herefordshire.nhs.uk |date=11 January 2010 |accessdate=28 January 2012 }} 50. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-13747344 |title=Cattle Market history |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=13 June 2011 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625170933/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-13747344 |archivedate=25 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 51. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/2003/4/introduction/enacted |title=Hereford Markets Act 2003 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date=30 October 2003 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107212610/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/2003/4/introduction/enacted |archivedate=7 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 52. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-13780063 |title=New Cattle Market |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=16 June 2011 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625170929/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-13780063 |archivedate=25 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 53. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-15843847 | work=BBC News | title=Hereford livestock market move a 'success' | date=22 November 2011 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125193556/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-15843847 | archivedate=25 November 2011 | df=dmy-all }} 54. ^{{cite book|title=Hereford 800, A Celebration|year=1989|publisher=Revelstone Publishing Ltd|pages=44–45, 47|isbn=1-871817-20-X}}Articles, Edward Elgar's Hereford by Jacob O'Callaghan, and The Three Choirs Festival by Graham J. Roberts. 55. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/lastchoirstanding/choirs/hereford/ |title=BBC Last Choir Standing |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030181156/http://www.bbc.co.uk/lastchoirstanding/choirs/hereford/ |archivedate=30 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 56. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.herefordfutures.co.uk/latest_news/music-school.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203165259/http://www.herefordfutures.co.uk/latest_news/music-school.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 December 2011 |title=Music School | Regenerating Hereford City and County |publisher=Herefordfutures.co.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 }} 57. ^{{cite web|url=https://hymnary.org/tune/hereford_wesley/|title=HEREFORD (Wesley)|publisher=Hymnary.org|date=|accessdate=31 December 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101030305/https://hymnary.org/tune/hereford_wesley/|archivedate=1 January 2018|df=dmy-all}} 58. ^{{cite web |url=http://h-art.herefordshire.gov.uk/ |title=H.Art Week |publisher=H-art.herefordshire.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121153439/http://h-art.herefordshire.gov.uk/ |archivedate=21 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 59. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-18826035|title=Hereford High Town life-sized bull statue installed|date=13 July 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420163347/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-18826035|archivedate=20 April 2016|df=dmy-all}} 60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jasperfforde.com/grey/sleuth.html|title=Shades of Grey - sleuth|first=Jasper|last=Fforde|website=www.jasperfforde.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819155941/http://www.jasperfforde.com/grey/sleuth.html|archivedate=19 August 2010|df=dmy-all}} 61. ^{{cite news | last = Knight | first = Adam | title = Major ITV drama to be set and filmed in Herefordshire | newspaper = Hereford Times | date = 2014-11-20 | url = http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/14123932.display/ | access-date = 2016-02-11 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151213040435/http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/14123932.display/ | archivedate = 13 December 2015 | df = dmy-all }} 62. ^{{cite news | last = May | first = Philippa | title = Tweets lead to publication | newspaper = Hereford Times | date = 2015-12-04 | url = http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/14123932.display/ | access-date = 2016-02-11 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151213040435/http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/14123932.display/ | archivedate = 13 December 2015 | df = dmy-all }} 63. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000568/bio|title=Frank Oz|website=IMDb|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226030423/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000568/bio|archivedate=26 December 2008|df=dmy-all}} 64. ^{{Cite news | last = Morgan | first = Ian | title = Bright future ahead for Ipswich Town's Connor Wickham | newspaper = Hereford Times | date = 14 May 2010 | url = http://www.herefordtimes.com/sport/other/8166595.Bright_future_ahead_for_Ipswich_Town_s_Connor_Wickham/ | accessdate = 16 May 2010 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120404142345/http://www.herefordtimes.com/sport/other/8166595.Bright_future_ahead_for_Ipswich_Town_s_Connor_Wickham/ | archivedate = 4 April 2012 | df = dmy-all }} 65. ^{{Cite web|url = https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Ordinarys-accounts.jsp|title = The Proceedings - Ordinary of Newgate’s Accounts|accessdate = 28 October 2015|website = Old Bailey Proceedings Online|last = Emsley|first = Clive|last2 = Hitchcock|first2 = Tim|last3 = Shoemaker|first3 = Robert|version = 7.0|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151015020529/http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Ordinarys-accounts.jsp|archivedate = 15 October 2015|df = dmy-all}} 66. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=OA17210208|title = Ordinary of Newgate's Account, February 1721 (OA17210208).|accessdate = 28 October 2015|website = Old Bailey Proceedings Online|version = 7.2|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151226115112/http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=OA17210208|archivedate = 26 December 2015|df = dmy-all}} 67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.herefordcathedral.org/visit-us/mappa-mundi-1|title=Mappa Mundi|date=|publisher=Herefordcathedral.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126083838/http://www.herefordcathedral.org/visit-us/mappa-mundi-1|archivedate=26 January 2012|deadurl=no|accessdate=28 January 2012|df=dmy-all}} 68. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.warnerleisurehotels.co.uk/hotels/holme-lacy-house-hotel/history/index.aspx |title=Warner Holidays |publisher=Warnerleisurehotels.co.uk |date= |accessdate=28 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301013229/http://www.warnerleisurehotels.co.uk/hotels/holme-lacy-house-hotel/history/index.aspx |archivedate=1 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-07-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |archivedate=5 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }} External links{{Commons category|Hereford}}
10 : Geography of Herefordshire|Towns of the Welsh Marches|County towns in England|Hereford|Populated places established in the 1st millennium|Pages including recorded pronunciations (UK English)|Cities in the West Midlands (region)|Herefordshire|Mercian settlements|Former non-metropolitan districts of Hereford and Worcester |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。