词条 | Case management (mental health) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
DevelopmentThe case management model developed in the USA was a response to the closure of large psychiatric hospitals (known as deinstitutionalisation) and initially for provision of services which enhances the quality of life without the need for direct patient care or contact.[2] Clinical or therapeutic case management then developed as the need for the mental health professional to establish a therapeutic relationship and be actively involved in clinical care, often in this only the personal and interpersonal resources are utilized. The process involved can be cyclical because of its client-centered nature.[3]According to the American Association on Mental Retardation (1994) "Case Management (service coordination) is an ongoing process that consists of the assessment of wants and needs, planning, locating and securing supports and services, monitoring and follow-along. The individual or family is the defining force of this service coordination process."[4] A more active form of case management is present in assertive community treatment (or Intensive Case Management), this provides a holistic and integrated approach in psychiatric case management with coordinated services that promote increased wellness for the management's (homes or agencies) population. This form of management is a part of managed care systems, others include health maintenance organizations, point-of-service plans, and preferred provider arrangements.[5] FunctionsCase management is about engaging the clients in a process, not processing clients. Hence, Rose and Moore in 1995 defined the following as case management functions:[1]
In cases when re-assessment might identify more than one needs and they are required to be delivered, a new case management cycle is initiated. The case manager becomes an effective facilitator or enabler by use of self, understanding the social systems, the etiology of needs, and functioning of the clients. Moore in 1990s said that a case manager should possess the clinical skills of a psychotherapist and the advocacy skills of a community organizer.[6] A client record is maintained by the case manager for effective delivery of services per agency policy. Newer forms of record keeping involve using checklist and scan sheets for decentralized and statistical outcome management.[1] Others who have explained the functions and tasks of a case manager are Grube & Chernesky, 2001; Mather & Hull, 2002; and Vourlekis & Green, 1962.{{citation needed |date=February 2016}} ModelsSeveral models of case management emerged to coordinate care for individuals with different assessment and re-assessments involved. These models differ in their approach to care, frequency of contact, the number of professionals and referrals involved. In addition, outcome evaluation is typically used to assess the effectiveness of treatment interventions. Researchers have developed fidelity measures to assess the implementation of a particular case management model.[7] A 2010 review shows the following similarities and differences in different models of case management with regards to the way they operate:[2]
Effectiveness of managed care modelsA systematic review investigated the effects of intensive case management for patients with severe mental illness:
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