| 词条 | Hezbi Islami |
| 释义 |
| name = Hezbi Islami | native_name = د افغانستان اسلامي حزب | native_name_lang = fa | logo = Hezbi Islami.svg | logo_size = 200px | leader = Arghandiwal | founder = Gulbuddin Hekmatyar | colorcode = #017F3A | founded = 1975 | predecessor = Muslim Youth | successor = HIG HIK HIKF | ideology = Islamism | flag = | website = | state = Afghanistan | seats1_title = Seats in the House of the People | seats1 = {{Composition bar|16|249|hex=#017F3A}} | seats2_title = Seats in the House of Elders | seats2 = {{Composition bar|0|102|hex=#017F3A}} }}Hezb-e-Islami (also Hezb-e Islami, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezbi-Islami, Hezbi Islami), meaning Islamic Party[1] is an Islamist organization that was commonly known for fighting the Communist Government of Afghanistan and their close ally the Soviet Union.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} Founded and led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, it was established in Afghanistan in 1975.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} It grew out of the Muslim Youth organization, an Islamist organization founded in Kabul by students and teachers at Kabul University in 1969 to combat communism in Afghanistan.[2] Its membership was drawn from ethnic Pashtuns, and its ideology from the Muslim Brotherhood and Abul Ala Maududi's Jamaat-e-Islami.[2] Another source describes it as having splintered away from Burhanuddin Rabbani's original Islamist party, Jamiat-e Islami, in 1976, after Hekmatyar found that group too moderate and willing to compromise with others.[3] Hezbi Islami seeks to emulate the Ikhwan militia of Saudi Arabia and to replace the various tribal factions of Afghanistan with one unified Islamic state. This puts them at odds with the more tribe-oriented Taliban.[4] Split-up Khalis faction and Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin{{See also|Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin|Khalis faction}}In 1979, Mulavi Younas Khalis split with Hekmatyar and established his own Hezbi Islami, known as the Khalis faction, with its power base in Nangarhar.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's faction is since then referred to as the Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin, or HIG.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} History 1979–2001{{See also|Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin#History}}History since 2001{{See also|Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin#After 2001}}Neither Hezbi Islami nor Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin were on the U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations from 2001 to 2006.[5] However, Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin is on the additional list called "Groups of Concern."[6] {{As of|2008|alt=In 2008}}, the International Security Assistance Force estimated that the military component of Hezbi Islam was about 1,000 strong, including part-time fighters.[7]Today, the non-violent faction of the Hezbi Islami is a registered political party in Afghanistan, led by Arghandiwal.[8] On 18 September 2012 Hezbi Islami claimed responsibility of a suicide attack in Kabul, carried out by an 18-year-old woman in which nine people were killed. They said it was in retaliation for the film Innocence of Muslims.[9] All victims were themselves Muslim. On 16 May 2013 Hezbi Islami claimed responsibility for another attack in Kabul in the form of an explosive-loaded Toyota Corolla that was rammed into a pair of American military vehicles in which 16 people were killed.[10] See also
Sources1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/hizbi-islami.htm |title=Hizb-i-Islami (Islamic Party) |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |work=Intelligence Resource Program |date=August 8, 1998 |accessdate=March 13, 2012 |author=Pike, John}} {{refbegin}}2. ^1 {{cite book |last2=Sfeir |first2=Antoine|last1=Roy |first1=Oliver |title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2007|page=132}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Haqqani |first1=Husain|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|date=2005|publisher=Carnegie Endowment.|pages=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA171&dq=Jamiat-e+Islami+afghanistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LZFWVOn4FIn_yQTVg4LQCg&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Jamiat-e%20Islami%20afghanistan&f=false|accessdate=2 November 2014}} 4. ^Seth Jones, "The Rise of Afghanistan's Insurgency: State Failure and Jihad", International Security, vol 32, no. 4 (2008) pages 28–29 5. ^[https://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/fto/2001/5258.htm "2001 Report on Foreign Terrorist Organizations"], [https://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/12535.htm "Fact Sheet: Foreign Terrorist Organizations List" October 23, 2002] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215104313/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/12535.htm |date=February 15, 2008 }}, [https://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2003/17065.htm "Fact Sheet: Foreign Terrorist Organizations List" January 30, 2003], [https://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2004/40945.htm "Fact Sheet: Foreign Terrorist Organization Designations Table" December 30, 2004], [https://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm "Fact Sheet:Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)" October 11, 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210075716/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm |date=December 10, 2008}}, [https://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/65275.htm "Country Reports on Terrorism: Chapter 8 -- Foreign Terrorist Organizations" April 28, 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311045103/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/65275.htm |date=March 11, 2007 }} 6. ^"U.S. Designates Foreign Terrorist Organizations: List includes 42 groups, 43 others deemed “of concern”" April 30, 2007 7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/06/15/ST2008061500237.html |title=A Sober Assessment of Afghanistan |work=The Washington Post|author=Tyson, Ann Scott|date=June 15, 2008|accessdate=March 13, 2012|quote=There are an estimated 5,000 to 20,000 Taliban fighters in Afghanistan, plus an estimated 1,000 each for the insurgent groups led by Siraj Haqqani and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, according to ISAF intelligence.}} 8. ^Political parties/groups and leaders in Afghanistan 9. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/18/us-afghanistan-blast-hezb-idUSBRE88H06M20120918 Suicide attack in Afghan capital claimed by Hezb-e-Islami] 10. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/asia/kabul-car-bomb-attack.html?_r=1&], New York Times, 2013 External links
7 : Anti-Soviet factions in the Soviet–Afghan War|Islamic political parties in Afghanistan|Political parties established in 1975|Religious organizations established in 1975|Peshawar Seven|Rebel groups in Afghanistan|1975 establishments in Afghanistan |
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