| 词条 | Chaitén (volcano) |
| 释义 |
| name = Chaitén | photo = Chaiten_Volcano_NASA.jpg | photo_caption = 2003 photograph from the International Space Station. The caldera is the circular feature visible in the lower part of the image. The town of Chaitén is to the top. (This image is aligned roughly southwest, around 220°.) | elevation_m = 1122 | elevation_ref = | range = Andes | listing = | location = Chile | coordinates = {{coord|42|50|14|S|72|38|53|W|region:CL-LL_type:mountain|display=inline,title}} | map = Chile | map_caption = Location of Chaitén in Chile | type = Caldera | age = | volcanic_belt = South Volcanic Zone | last_eruption = 2008 to 2011 | first_ascent = | easiest_route = }}Chaitén is a volcanic caldera {{convert|3|km|mi|0}} in diameter, {{convert|17|km|mi}} west of the elongated ice-capped Michinmahuida volcano and {{convert|10|km|mi|0}} northeast of the town of Chaitén, near the Gulf of Corcovado in southern Chile. The most recent eruptive phase of the volcano erupted on 2008. Originally, radiocarbon dating of older tephra from the volcano suggested that its last previous eruption was in 7420 BC ± 75 years. However, recent studies have found that the volcano is more active than thought. According to the Global Volcanism Program, its last eruption was in 2011.[1] The caldera rim reaches {{convert|1122|m|ft|0}} above sea level. Before the current eruption, it was mostly filled by a rhyolite obsidian lava dome that reached a height of {{convert|962|m|ft|0}}, partly devoid of vegetation. Two small lakes occupied the caldera floor on the west and north sides of the lava dome.[1] The translucent grey obsidian which had erupted from the volcano was used by pre-Columbian cultures as a raw material for artifacts and has been found as far away as {{convert|400|km|mi}} to the south and north, for example in Chan-Chan.[2][3] 2008 eruptionThe Chaitén volcano entered a new eruptive phase for the first time since around 1640 on the morning of May 2, 2008.[1] The Chilean government began an evacuation of the nearby town of Chaitén (population 4,200) and the surrounding area the same day, the main phase of which was completed by May 3, 2008.[4] One elderly person died while at sea en route to Puerto Montt.[7][8] By the afternoon of May 3, the plume of ash from the eruption had spread across Chile and Argentina to the Atlantic Ocean, contaminating water supplies, and reportedly coating the town of Futaleufú located {{convert|75|km|mi}} southeast to a depth of {{convert|30|cm|in}}.[7][5] Ash thickness estimates are often exaggerated during volcanic crises; later field investigations suggest that the average ash thickness deposited across Futaleufú was less than 5–10 cm (2–4 in).[11] A team of scientists from the US was dispatched to the area to assess the air quality and the risks from chemicals in the falling ash.[7] The initial phase of the actual eruption in 2008 was characterised by ash emissions and seismic activity; local seismic measurements in 2005 registered earthquakes up to magnitude 3.6 MW below the Chaitén volcano.[13] On May 6, 2008 the force of eruption increased significantly, producing pyroclastic flows and possibly some lava explosions, and raising the eruption column to a height of perhaps {{convert|30000|m|ft}}.[6] The remaining personnel and almost all inhabitants of Chaitén and nearby villages were evacuated,[7] as was Futaleufú.[8] In the early phase of the eruption (May 2, 2008), two separate vents had developed in the old lava dome. An overflight on May 6, 2008 found that these had fused into one vent roughly {{convert|800|m|ft}} across. OVDAS warned of possible major pyroclastic incidents, and the likelihood of prolonged activity.[9] On May 8, 2008, the government said it would force the last residents from the danger area, but this was later legally challenged by some residents and left to no effect by the Supreme Court.[10][19] Government personnel later returned to attend to livestock and rescue dogs and other animals.[11] Through the remainder of May and June 2008 the eruption continued as a variable but gradually decreasing emission of ash, with intermittent seismic activity and pyroclastic flows. On May 21, a new lava dome was observed to be forming in the crater,[1] which by May 24 exceeded the height of the old dome.[12] Initially, the dome extended towards the north side of the caldera,[13] but following the emergence of two new vents in the south of the old dome around June 11[14] and a later one to the west, the expansion moved to the south, eventually blocking the drainage from the caldera floor.[1][15][16] As of July 3, 2008, Chaitén continued to erupt, with associated seismic activity, an eruptive column of ash up to {{convert|3000|m|ft}}, and a growing lava dome.[16] Whether the dome will be stable remains uncertain, and there is an ongoing risk of collapse and explosive pyroclastic eruption.[17] In August 2008, an expedition reached the summit of Chaiten volcano. The summit crater contained a {{convert|120|m|ft}} high lava dome. Earthquakes were felt at the summit. The lava dome was loudly degassing, and avalanches of lava boulders fell from the dome side to the crater floor. On February 19, 2009, a partial dome collapse caused pyroclastic flows to descend through the Chaitén river valley reaching down to approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|0}} from the town of Chaitén.[18] The ash once again reached Futaleufú and parts of Chubut province in neighboring Argentina. The approximately 160 people that were in Chaitén were strongly urged to leave, and all but 25 people who refused to leave were evacuated that day.[19] DamageForests near the volcano have been burned by pyroclastic flows and lateral explosions.[20] Large parts of southern Argentina and Chile have been coated with ash, with possible longer term consequences for agriculture, although not only negative as ash adds new minerals to the soil. Large amounts of ash have fallen in some areas, posing a risk of lahars for several communities.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Beginning on May 12, lahars caused flooding in the town of Chaitén,[21] depositing ash mud to a depth of up to a metre or more, damaging many buildings, and completely filling the original course of the Chaitén River past the town. Over the subsequent weeks, the river excavated a new course through Chaitén, completely destroying a significant part of it by July 2008. Some defensive work has been undertaken by the government. There were plans to move town some {{convert|10|km|mi|0}} north but these have not been concluded as yet. The town of Chaiten is slowly recovering. Its current population is about 900 people.{{cn|date=May 2018}} RarityThis eruption is known as the first major explosive eruption of rhyolite magma in nearly a century, since the 1912 eruption of Novarupta, in Alaska.[11] Although there have been rhyolitic eruptions in the southern section of the Southern Volcanic Zone in the past, these are relatively scarce and there is no historic rhyolitic eruption of the magnitude of Chaitén.{{cn|date=May 2018}} References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite gvp |vn=358041 |title=Chaitén |accessdate=May 2, 2018}} [22][23][24][25][26]2. ^{{cite journal| doi = 10.4067/S0716-02082004000200003| last = Naranjo| first = José A|author2=Stern, Charles R| title = Holocene tephrochronology of the southernmost part (42°30'-45°S) of the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone|date=December 2004| volume = 31| issue = 2| journal = Revista Geológica de Chile| pages =225–240| url = http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0716-02082004000200003&script=sci_arttext| accessdate = May 2, 2008| issn = 0716-0208| oclc = 61022562}} 3. ^{{es icon}} Pino, Mario and Navarro, Rayen. Geoarqueología del sitio arcaico Chan-Chan 18. Revista Geológica de Chile, 2005. 4. ^{{cite press release | title=MINISTRO DEL INTERIOR EN CHAITÉN: “ES UN ÉXITO SIN PRECEDENTES HABER EVACUADO EN 24 HORAS A CUATRO MIL PERSONAS” | publisher=ONEMI | date=May 3, 2008 | url=http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1418&Itemid=19 | language=Spanish | accessdate=July 9, 2008 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611135804/http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1418&Itemid=19 | archivedate=June 11, 2008 | df= }} 5. ^{{cite press release | title=Informe Nª- 248 04/05/08- Actividad Volcánica (Actualiza Información) | publisher=ONEMI | date=May 4, 2008 | url=http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1420&Itemid=19 | language=Spanish | accessdate=July 9, 2008 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611134215/http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1420&Itemid=19 | archivedate=June 11, 2008 | df= }} 6. ^{{cite press release | title = Informe N°252 06/05/08 - Se activan todos los operativos de evacuación en Chaitén | publisher = ONEMI | date = May 6, 2008 | url = http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1424&Itemid=19 | language = Spanish | accessdate = July 9, 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081226062741/http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1424&Itemid=19 | archivedate = December 26, 2008 | df = }} 7. ^{{cite press release | title = Informe N°251 06/05/08 Se evacua de manera preventiva totalidad de personas en Chaitén | publisher = ONEMI | date = May 6, 2008 | url = http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1423&Itemid=19 | language = Spanish | accessdate = July 9, 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081226062735/http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1423&Itemid=19 | archivedate = December 26, 2008 | df = }} 8. ^{{cite news | title = Chile eruption spurs evacuations | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7386050.stm | work= BBC News | publisher= BBC | date= May 6, 2008 | accessdate = May 13, 2008 }} 9. ^{{cite press release | title = Informa Sobre Erupción del Volcán Chaitén | publisher = SERNAGEOMIN | date = May 6, 2008 | url = http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php?plantilla=detalle&option=com_content&task=view&id=298&Itemid=4§ionid=4 | language=Spanish | accessdate = July 9, 2008 }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cooperativa.cl/prontus_nots/site/artic/20080711/pags/20080711154748.html |title=Alcalde acusó "irresponsabilidad" de la Suprema por visar regreso a Chaitén |publisher=Cooperativa.cl |date=July 11, 2008 |accessdate=May 2, 2013}} 11. ^{{cite web | title = Carabineros continúa rescate de mascotas en Chaitén | publisher = La Nación | date = May 28, 2008 | url = http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias_v2/site/artic/20080528/pags/20080528171923.html | language=Spanish | accessdate = July 10, 2008 }} 12. ^{{cite press release | title = Actividad Eruptiva del Volcán Chaitén ha Decaído al Tipo Subpliniano | publisher = SERNAGEOMIN | date=May 26, 2008 | url=http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php?plantilla=detalle&option=com_content&task=view&id=306&Itemid=4§ionid=4 | language = Spanish | accessdate = July 10, 2008 }} 13. ^{{cite press release | title = Informa Acerca de Actividad Eruptiva del volcán Chaitén | publisher = SERNAGEOMIN | date = May 22, 2008 | url=http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php?plantilla=detalle&option=com_content&task=view&id=304&Itemid=4§ionid=4 | language = Spanish | accessdate = July 10, 2008 }} 14. ^{{cite press release | title = Volcán Chaitén Presentó Aumento de Actividad Eruptiva | publisher = SERNAGEOMIN | date = June 13, 2008 | url = http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php?plantilla=detalle&option=com_content&task=view&id=313&Itemid=2§ionid=4 | language = Spanish | accessdate = }} 15. ^{{cite press release | title = Informa Acerca de Actividad Eruptiva del Volcán Chaitén | publisher = SERNAGEOMIN | date = June 22, 2008 | url = http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php?plantilla=detalle&option=com_content&task=view&id=316&Itemid=4§ionid=4 | language = Spanish | accessdate = July 10, 2008 }} 16. ^1 {{cite press release | title = informa sobre el volcán Chaitén | publisher = SERNAGEOMIN | date = July 3, 2008 | url = http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php?plantilla=detalle&option=com_content&task=view&id=326&Itemid=2§ionid=4 | language = Spanish | accessdate = July 11, 2008 }} 17. ^{{cite press release | title = Informa acerca del Volcán Chaitén | publisher = SERNAGEOMIN | date = June 27, 2008 | url = http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php?plantilla=detalle&option=com_content&task=view&id=321&Itemid=4§ionid=4 | language = Spanish | accessdate = July 11, 2008 }} 18. ^{{cite press release | title = 19.02.2009 Erupción del Volcán Chaitén Informe Especial | publisher = SERNAGEOMIN | date = February 19, 2009 | url = http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php?plantilla=detalle&option=com_content&task=view&id=407&Itemid=2§ionid=4 | language = Spanish }} 19. ^{{cite press release | title = 19/02/09 Chaitén: Informe consolidado del día | publisher = ONEMI | date = February 19, 2009 | url = http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2513&Itemid=1919 | language = Spanish | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707012100/http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2513&Itemid=1919 | archivedate = July 7, 2011 | df = }} 20. ^{{cite press release | title = Informa acerca del Volcán Chaitén | publisher = SERNAGEOMIN | date = June 5, 2008 | url = http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php?plantilla=detalle&option=com_content&task=view&id=309&Itemid=4§ionid=4 | language = Spanish | accessdate = July 10, 2008 }} 21. ^{{cite press release | title = Informe N° 270 12/05/08 Actividad Volcán Chaitén ( Actualiza Información) | publisher = ONEMI | date = May 12, 2008 | url = http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1442&Itemid=19 | language = Spanish | accessdate = July 10, 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080616065026/http://www.onemi.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1442&Itemid=19 | archivedate = June 16, 2008 | df = }} 22. ^1 {{cite journal| last1 = Lange| first1 = D.| author2 = Cembrano, J. | author3= Rietbrock, A. | author4= Haberland, C. | author5= Dahm, T. |author6= Bataille, K. | title = First seismic record for intra-arc strike-slip tectonics along the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone at the obliquely convergent plate margin of the southern Andes | journal = Tectonophysics|date=April 2008| pages = 14–24| volume = 455| issue = 1–4 | doi = 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.04.014|bibcode = 2008Tectp.455...14L }} 23. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | first = Matt | last = Malinowski | authorlink = | title = Evacuations continue in Chile volcano zone | url = http://www.patagoniatimes.cl/content/view/489/1/ | work = | publisher = Patagonia Times | date = May 5, 2008 | accessdate = May 13, 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509110013/http://www.patagoniatimes.cl/content/view/489/1/ | archivedate = May 9, 2008 | df = }} 24. ^1 {{cite news | title = One dead as Chilean volcano spews ash for third day | url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUKN0221354320080504 | work = Reuters UK | publisher = Thomson Reuters | date= May 4, 2008 |accessdate=May 13, 2008 }} 25. ^1 {{cite press release | title = Chile gives volcano holdouts ultimatum to flee | publisher = Reuters | date = May 8, 2008 | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUKN0221354320080508 | accessdate = July 9, 2008}} 26. ^1 2 {{cite journal| last1 = Watt| first1 = S.F.L.| author2 = Pyle, D.M. | author3 = Mather, T.A. | author4 = Martin, R.S. | author5 = Matthews, N.E. | title = Fallout and distribution of volcanic ash over Argentina following the May 2008 explosive eruption of Chaiten, Chile | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research| year = 2009| volume = 114| issue = B04207 | doi = 10.1029/2008JB006219|bibcode = 2009JGRB..11404207W }} }} External links{{commons category|Chaitén volcano}}Articles
7 : Mountains of Chile|Active volcanoes|Calderas of Chile|Crater lakes|Volcanoes of Los Lagos Region|South Volcanic Zone|21st-century volcanic events |
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