“Hill”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit, although in areas with scarp/dip topography a hill may refer to a particular section of flat terrain without a massive summit (e.g., Box Hill, Surrey).

Terminology

The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally considered to be less tall and less steep than a mountain.

In the United Kingdom, geographers historically regarded mountains as hills greater than {{Convert|1000|ft|m|1|abbr=none|sp=us}} above sea level, which formed the basis of the plot of the 1995 film The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain. In contrast, hillwalkers have tended to regard mountains as peaks {{Convert|2000|ft|m|lk=on}} above sea level: the Oxford English Dictionary also suggests a limit of {{Convert|2000|ft|m|lk=on}} and Whittow^[1] states "Some authorities regard eminences above {{convert|600|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} as mountains, those below being referred to as hills." Today, a mountain is usually defined in the UK and Ireland as any summit at least {{convert|2,000|ft|m|disp=or|sp=us}} high,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] while the official UK government's definition of a mountain is a summit of {{convert|600|m|ft|0|abbr=none|sp=us}} or higher.^[7] Some definitions include a topographical prominence requirement, typically {{convert|100|ft|m|1}} or {{convert|500|ft|m|1}}.^[4] In practice, mountains in Scotland are frequently referred to as "hills" no matter what their height, as reflected in names such as the Cuillin Hills and the Torridon Hills. In Wales, the distinction is more a term of land use and appearance and has nothing to do with height.

For a while, the U.S. defined a mountain as being {{convert|1000|ft|m|1}} or more tall. Any similar landform lower than this height was considered a hill. The United States Geological Survey (USGS), however, has concluded that these terms do not in fact have technical definitions in the U.S.^[9]

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia defined "hill" as an upland with a relative height up to {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}}.^[10]

A hillock is a small hill. Other words include knoll and (in Scotland, Northern Ireland and northern England) its variant, knowe.^[11] Artificial hills may be referred to by a variety of technical names, including mound and tumulus.

Hills may form through geomorphic phenomena: faulting, erosion of larger landforms such as mountains, and movement and deposition of sediment by glaciers (e.g. moraines and drumlins or by erosion exposing solid rock which then weathers down into a hill.) The rounded peaks of hills results from the diffusive movement of soil and regolith covering the hill, a process known as downhill creep.

Various names used to describe types of hill, based on appearance and method of formation. Many such names originated in one geographical region to describe a type of hill formation peculiar to that region, though the names are often adopted by geologists and used in a wider geographical context. These include:

Historical significance

Many settlements were originally built on hills, either to avoid floods (particularly if they were near a large body of water), or for defense (since they offer a good view of the surrounding land and require would-be attackers to fight uphill), or to avoid densely forested areas. For example, Ancient Rome was built on seven hills, protecting it from invaders.

Some settlements, particularly in the Middle East, are located on artificial hills consisting of debris (particularly mud bricks) that has accumulated over many generations. Such a location is known as a "tell".^[12]

In northern Europe, many ancient monuments are sited in heaps.{{clarify|date=December 2018}} Some of these are defensive structures (such as the hill-forts of the Iron Age), but others appear to have hardly any significance. In Britain, many churches at the tops of hills are thought to have been built on the sites of earlier pagan holy places. The National Cathedral in Washington, DC has followed this tradition and was built on the highest hill in that city.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Military significance

Hills provide a major advantage to an army, giving them an elevated firing position and forcing an opposing army to charge uphill to attack them. They may also conceal forces behind them, allowing a force to lie in wait on the crest of a hill, using that crest for cover, and firing on unsuspecting attackers as they broach the hilltop. As a result, conventional military strategies often demand possession of high ground.

Hills have been the sites of many noted battles, such as the first recorded military conflict in Scotland known as the battle of Mons Graupius. Modern conflicts include the Battle of Bunker Hill (which was actually fought on Breed's Hill) in the American War of Independence and Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill in the Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War.

The Battle of San Juan Hill in the Spanish–American War won Americans control of Santiago. The Battle of Alesia was also fought from a hilltop fort. Fighting on Mamayev Kurgan during the Battle of Stalingrad and the Umurbrogol Pocket in the Battle of Peleliu were also examples of bloody fighting for high ground. Another recent example is the Kargil War between India and Pakistan. The Great Wall of China is also an example of an advantage provider. It is built on mountain tops, and was meant to defend against invaders from the north, and among others, Mongolians.

Sports and games

Hillwalking is a British English term for a form of hiking which involves the ascent of hills. The activity is usually distinguished from mountaineering as it does not involve ropes or technically difficult rock climbing, although the terms mountain and hill are often used interchangeably in Britain. Hillwalking is popular in hilly areas such as the English Peak District and the Scottish Highlands. Many hills are categorized according to relative height or other criteria and feature on lists named after mountaineers, such as Munros (Scotland) and Wainwrights (England). Specific activities such as "peak bagging" (or "Munro bagging") involve climbing hills on these lists with the aim of eventually climbing every hill on the list.

Cheese rolling is an annual event in the West Country of England which involves rolling a wheel of cheese down a hill. Contestants stand at the top and chase the wheel of cheese to the bottom. The winner, the one who catches the cheese, gets to keep the wheel of cheese as a prize.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Largest artificial hills

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^Whittow, John (1984). Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin, 2004, p. 352. {{ISBN|0-14-051094-X}}.
2. ^{{cite book| last=Nuttall| first=John & Anne| title=The Mountains of England & Wales - Volume 2: England| edition=3rd| year=2008| publisher=Cicerone| location=Milnthorpe, Cumbria| isbn=1-85284-037-4}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/north_west/7623904.stm|title=Survey turns hill into a mountain|publisher=BBC News|date=18 September 2008|accessdate=3 February 2013}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.go4awalk.com/uk-mountains-and-hills/a-mountain-is-a-mountain.php|title=A Mountain is a Mountain - isn't it?|publisher=www.go4awalk.com|accessdate=3 February 2013}}
5. ^mountain at dictionary.reference.com. Accessed on 3 February 2013.
6. ^Wilson, Peter (2001). ‘’Listing the Irish hills and mountains’’ in ‘’Irish Geography’’, Vol 34(1), University of Ulster, Coleraine, p. 89.
7. ^What is a “Mountain”? Mynydd Graig Goch and all that… {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330062754/https://metricviews.org.uk/2008/09/what-is-a-mountain-mynydd-graig-goch-and-all-that/ |date=30 March 2013 }} at Metric Views. Accessed on 3 February 2013.
8. ^{{cite web|title=Rolling Hills|url=https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1650a/|website=www.eso.org|accessdate=12 December 2016}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-mountain-and-a-hill.htm|title=What is the Difference Between a Mountain and a Hill?|publisher=www.wisegeek.com|accessdate=3 February 2013}}
10. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20151009150601/http://bse.sci-lib.com/article119498.html Hill] at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
11. ^Knowe, Random House Dictionary at dictionary.com
12. ^Wilkinson, T.J. Archaeological landscapes of the near east. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2003, 226.
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tpcs.gov.sk.ca/Blackstrap |title=Blackstrap Provincial Park |publisher=Government of Saskatchewan |accessdate=19 February 2011}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=The Very Large Telescope|url=http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/vlt.html|work=Telescopes and Instruments|publisher=ESO|accessdate=10 August 2011}}