“Charles de Gaulle (poet)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Charles Jules-Joseph de Gaulle (January 31, 1837 – January 1, 1880) was a French writer who was a pioneer of Pan-Celticism and the bardic revival. He is also known as Charlez Vro-C'hall, the Breton language version of his name. He was the uncle of General de Gaulle.

Life

Born in Valenciennes, Nord, de Gaulle was struck by a progressive paralyzing illness from his early youth. He turned to scholarship and began a study the Celtic languages after reading Barzaz Breiz (Ballads of Brittany) at the age of sixteen.^[1] He learned Breton, Welsh and Gaelic, but never visited a Celtic-speaking country, being confined to his apartment in Paris. Having met Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué, author of Barzaz Breiz, he became secretary of Breuriez Breiz, a society of Breton poets in Paris. From 1864 he started to publish articles on Celtic culture, especially Brittany, and poetry in the Breton language.

However, as his disease progressed, his publications became increasingly scarce. His literary activity gradually ceased, but he retained until the end his lucidity of mind and was able to follow the progress of his favourite studies. He died at the age of 42.

Pan-Celticism

De Gaulle dreamed of the resurrection of the Celtic languages as vehicles for high culture. A devout Catholic and monarchist, de Gaulle saw Celtic countries as guardians of tradition and proposed a restoration of Breton political autonomy, providing a model for later Breton nationalists.^[1] In 1864 he wrote an appeal to the current representatives of the "Celtic race", proposing Celtic festivals:

De Gaulle insisted that Celtic countries must retain their languages to avoid cultural extinction, asserting that "so long as a conquered people speaks another language than the conquerors, the best part of them is still free".^[3] He also proposed a Celtic Union that would establish and develop links between Celtic countries. There should also be a Celtic "esperanto" to facilitate communication and which would be created from common elements in all Celtic languages.^[3]

De Gaulle wrote to cultural leaders in Wales, Scotland and Ireland to organise a Pan-Celtic congress in Saint-Brieuc in 1867, which he succeeded in pushing through despite opposition from the French government.^[1] Unable to travel, he wrote the poem Da Varsez Breiz (With Bards of Brittany) in Breton, including the lines:

General de Gaulle's 1969 speech

In January 1969, General de Gaulle attempted to use his uncle's reputation in Brittany by declaiming the second quatrain of his uncle's poem Da Varsez Breiz (the lines above) during a speech at Quimper. The speech followed a series of crackdowns on Breton nationalist activists. De Gaulle's use of the poem led to a severe adverse reaction from his audience who drowned out much of the rest of his speech. He was later accused of double standards, having recently spoken in Canada in support of a "free" Quebec, because its French language tradition distinguished it from the English-dominated majority of Canada.^[1]

References

1. ^¹²³Peter Berresford Ellis, The Celtic Dawn, Constable, London, 1993, pp. 62-66
2. ^ Original French: S'il m'est permis d'exprimer un vœu plus ambitieux encore, et sans doute, d'une réalisation plus difficile, ce serait de voir un ordre religieux nouveau, ou du moins, une division spéciale d'un ordre religieux ancien, se consacrer, sous l'invocation des vieux saints savants des deux Bretagne à la prédication et à l'instruction de la jeunesse de toutes les classes dans les pays celtiques et cela principalement par le moyen des langues indigènes". Le même poursuit plus loin : "Après la célébration du saint sacrifice, en plein champ, sur un vieux dolmen, entouré de la population des paroisses voisines, la solennité s'ouvrirait par une lutte des bardes populaires (...) Des tirs, des luttes, des courses à cheval et à pied, des régates au bord de la mer, fourniraient un nouveau et utile sujet d'amélioration à notre agile et robuste jeunesse.
3. ^¹Charles de Gaulle Les Celtes aux dix-neuvieme siecle, Nantes, 1864, p. 351-358