| 词条 | Himalia (moon) | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Himalia | image = Himalia.png | caption = Himalia as seen by spacecraft Cassini | adjectives = Himalian | discoverer = C. D. Perrine | discovered = December 3, 1904[1] | pronounced = {{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|ˈ|m|eɪ|l|i|ə}} {{respell|hy|MAY|lee-ə}} or {{IPAc-en|h|ɪ|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i|ə}} {{respell|hi|MAH|lee-ə}} | mean_orbit_radius = 11,460,000 km[1] | eccentricity = 0.16[1] | periapsis = 9,782,900 km | apoapsis = 13,082,000 km | period = 250.56 d (0.704 a)[1] | avg_speed = 3.312 km/s | inclination = {{unbulleted list | 27.50° (to the ecliptic) | 29.59° (to Jupiter's equator)[1] }} | satellite_of = Jupiter | mean_radius = {{val|75|10}} × {{val|60|10}} km (Cassini estimate)[6] 85 ± ?? km[2] (ground-based estimate)[6] 102.8 × 70.7 km (stellar occultation)[3] | surface_area = ~90,800 km2 | volume = ~2,570,000 km3 | mass = {{val|4.2|0.6|e=18|ul=kg}}[10] | density = 2.6 g/cm3 (assumed)[2] 1.63 g/cm3 (assuming radius 85 km)[10]{{efn|name=lowden|1=Density = GM / G / (Volume of a sphere of 85km) = 1.63 g/cm3}} | surface_grav = ~0.062 m/s2 (0.006 g) | escape_velocity = ~0.100 km/s | sidereal_day = 7.782 h[4] | albedo = 0.04[2][5] | single_temperature = ~124 K | magnitude = 14.6[2] }}Himalia is the largest irregular satellite of Jupiter. It is the sixth largest Jovian satellite overall in size, and only the four Galilean moons of Jupiter have greater mass. It was discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at the Lick Observatory on 3 December 1904 and is named after the nymph Himalia, who bore three sons of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter). It is one of the largest planetary moons in the Solar System not imaged in detail, and the largest not including the moons of Neptune and several trans-Neptunian objects, particularly Dysnomia, the moon of {{dp|Eris}}.[1] DiscoveryHimalia was discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at the Lick Observatory on 3 December 1904.[6] Himalia is Jupiter's most easily observed small satellite; though Amalthea is brighter, its proximity to the planet's brilliant disk makes it a far more difficult object to view.[7][8] NameHimalia is named after the nymph Himalia, who bore three sons of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter). The moon did not receive its present name until 1975;[9] before then, it was simply known as {{nowrap|Jupiter VI}} or Jupiter Satellite VI, although calls for a full name appeared shortly after its and Elara's discovery; A.C.D. Crommelin wrote in 1905: Unfortunately the numeration of Jupiter's satellites is now in precisely the same confusion as that of Saturn's system was before the numbers were abandoned and names substituted. A similar course would seem to be advisable here; the designation V for the inner satellite [Amalthea] was tolerated for a time, as it was considered to be in a class by itself; but it has now got companions, so that this subterfuge disappears. The substitution of names for numerals is certainly more poetic.[10] The moon was sometimes called Hestia, after the Greek goddess, from 1955 to 1975.[11] OrbitAt a distance of about 11.5 million km from Jupiter, Himalia takes about 251 Earth days to complete one orbit.[12] It is the largest member of the group that bears its name, the moons orbiting between 11.4 and 13 million kilometres from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°.[13] The orbital elements are as of January 2000.[1] They are continuously changing due to solar and planetary perturbations. Physical characteristicsHimalia's rotational period is {{val|7|u=h}} {{val|46|u=m}} {{val|55|2|u=s}}.[4] Himalia appears neutral in color (grey), like the other members of its group, with colour indices B−V=0.62, V−R=0.4, similar to a C-type asteroid. Measurements by Cassini confirm a featureless spectrum, with a slight absorption at {{val|3|u=μm}}, which could indicate the presence of water.[14] Resolved images by Cassini have led to a size estimate of 150 by 120 km, while ground-based estimates center around 170 km.[5][2] A stellar occultation observed from the US state of Georgia, in May 2018 gave a size of 205.6 by 141.3 km, in agreement with the earlier ground-based estimates.[3] MassIn 2005, Emelyanov estimated Himalia to have a mass of {{val|4.2|0.6|e=18|ul=kg}} (GM=0.28±0.04), based on a perturbation of Elara on July 15, 1949.[15] JPL's Solar System dynamics web site assumes that Himalia has a mass of {{val|6.7|e=18|u=kg}} (GM=0.45) with a radius of {{val|85|u=km}}.[2] Himalia's density will depend on whether it has an average radius of about {{val|67|u=km}} (geometric mean from Cassini)[15] or a radius closer to {{val|85|u=km}}.[2]
ExplorationIn November 2000, the Cassini spacecraft, en route to Saturn, made a number of images of Himalia, including photos from a distance of 4.4 million km. Himalia covers only a few pixels, but seems to be an elongated object with axes {{val|150|20}} and {{val|120|20|u=km}}, close to the Earth-based estimations.[5] In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft en route to Pluto made a series of images of Himalia, culminating in photos from a distance of 8 million km. Again, Himalia appears only a few pixels across.[39] Possible relationship with Jupiter's ringsThe small moon Dia, 4 kilometres in diameter, had gone missing since its discovery in 2000.[16] One theory was that it had crashed into the much larger moon Himalia, 170 kilometres in diameter, creating a faint ring. This possible ring appears as a faint streak near Himalia in images from NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto. This suggests that Jupiter sometimes gains and loses small moons through collisions.[17] However, the recovery of Dia in 2010 and 2011[18] disproves the link between Dia and the Himalia ring, although it is still possible that a different moon may have been involved.{{cn|date=December 2017}} See also
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | last = Jacobson | first = R. A. | title = The orbits of outer Jovian satellites |journal = Astronomical Journal | date = 2000 | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 2679–2686 | doi = 10.1086/316817 | bibcode = 2000AJ....120.2679J | url = https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/bitstream/2014/15175/1/00-1187.pdf }} [19]2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web | url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par | publisher=JPL (Solar System Dynamics) | title=Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters | date=2008-10-24 | accessdate=2008-12-11 }} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.asteroidoccultation.com/observations/Results/Data2018/20180512%20P5M06%20HimaliaProfile.gif |website=www.asteroidoccultation.com |title=Jupiter (06) Himalia |author1=N. Smith |author2=R. Venable |date=12 May 2018 |access-date=23 July 2018}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last = Pilcher | first = Frederick | author2=Mottola, Stefano | author3=Denk, Tilmann | title = Photometric lightcurve and rotation period of Himalia (Jupiter VI) |journal = Icarus | date = 2012 | volume = 219 | issue = 2 | pages = 741–742 | doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.021 |bibcode = 2012Icar..219..741P }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | last = Porco | first = Carolyn C. |display-authors=etal | title = Cassini Imaging of Jupiter's Atmosphere, Satellites, and Rings | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10867818 | journal = Science | volume = 299 |date=March 2003 | pages = 1541–1547 | doi = 10.1126/science.1079462 | pmid = 12624258 | issue = 5612 | bibcode = 2003Sci...299.1541P }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite journal|title=Discovery of a Sixth Satellite of Jupiter |journal=Astronomical Journal |volume=24 |issue=18 |date=1905 |pages=154B |bibcode = 1905AJ.....24..154P |doi = 10.1086/103612 |last1=Porter |first1=J.G.}}; {{cite journal|title=Sixth Satellite of Jupiter Confirmed |journal=Harvard College Observatory Bulletin |volume=175 |date=1905-01-25 |page=1 |bibcode = 1905BHarO.175....1P |last1=Perrine |first1=C.D.}}; {{cite journal|last=Perrine|first=C.D. |title=Discovery of a Sixth Satellite to Jupiter |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=17 |issue=100 |date=1905 |pages=22–23 |doi=10.1086/121619 |bibcode=1905PASP...17...22.}}; {{cite journal|last=Perrine|first=C.D. |title=Orbits of the sixth and seventh satellites of Jupiter |journal=Astronomische Nachrichten |volume=169 |date=1905 |issue=3 |pages=43–44 |doi=10.1002/asna.19051690304 |bibcode=1905AN....169...43P}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.biophysik.uni-freiburg.de/Reiner/ATM/artikel/Himalia_e.html |title=Himalia, Jupiter's "fifth" moon |date=October 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102944/http://www.biophysik.uni-freiburg.de/Reiner/ATM/artikel/Himalia_e.html | archivedate = July 19, 2011}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronomy.net/articles/18/ |title=Finding Himalia, The Fifth Brightest Moon Of Jupiter |author=Rick Scott |website=Astronomy.net |date=October 20, 2003 |accessdate=2011-11-07}} 9. ^{{cite web |last=Marsden |first=B. G. |title=IAUC 2846: N Mon 1975 (= A0620-00); N Cyg 1975; 1975h; 1975g; 1975i; Sats OF JUPITER |website=Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams |date=7 October 1975 |publisher=IAU |url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02846.html |access-date=2018-09-09}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last=Crommelin|first=A. C. D.| bibcode=1905MNRAS..65..524C|title=Provisional Elements of Jupiter's Satellite VI|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=65|issue=5|pages=524–527|date=March 10, 1905|doi=10.1093/mnras/65.5.524}} 11. ^{{cite book| last=Payne-Gaposchkin|first=Cecilia|author2=Katherine Haramundanis|title=Introduction to Astronomy|date=1970|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.|isbn=978-0-13-478107-5}} 12. ^{{cite web |title=Himalia |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/himalia/in-depth/ |date=December 5, 2017 |website=Solar System Exploration |publisher=NASA |accessdate=2018-09-09}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Jewitt|first=David C.|author2=Sheppard, Scott |author3=Porco, Carolyn |lastauthoramp=yes |chapter=Jupiter's Outer Satellites and Trojans |title=Jupiter: The planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere|date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=Bagenal, F. |editor2=Dowling, T. E. |editor3=McKinnon, W. B.| chapter-url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/pub/Sheppard04JupChapter.pdf}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last=Chamberlain|first=Matthew A.|author2=Brown, Robert H.| title=Near-infrared spectroscopy of Himalia |journal=Icarus |volume=172|date=2004 |issue=1 |pages=163–169 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2003.12.016 |bibcode=2004Icar..172..163C}} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | last = Emelyanov | first = N.V. | title=The mass of Himalia from the perturbations on other satellites | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=438 | issue=3 |pages=L33–L36 |date=2005 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200500143 |bibcode=2005A&A...438L..33E | url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2005/30/aahe201.pdf }} 16. ^{{cite web |url=https://dtm.carnegiescience.edu/news/long-lost-moon-jupiter-found |title=Long Lost Moon of Jupiter Found |date=May 13, 2013 |website=Carnegie Science {{!}} DTM |access-date=2018-09-09}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527523.400-lunar-marriage-may-have-given-jupiter-a-ring.html |title=Lunar marriage may have given Jupiter a ring |work=New Scientist |date=March 20, 2010 |page=16}} 18. ^{{cite web |date=2012-09-11 |title=MPEC 2012-R22 : S/2000 J 11 |publisher=Minor Planet Center |author=Gareth V. Williams |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K12/K12R22.html|dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821040352/http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K12/K12R22.html |archive-date=2014-08-21 |accessdate=2012-09-11}} 19. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/jupiter/himalia.html|title=The Bruce Murray Space Image Library - Jupiter's moon Himalia|author=Lakdawalla, E.|date=1 March 2007|access-date=17 November 2018}} }} External links
3 : Himalia group|Moons of Jupiter|Astronomical objects discovered in 1904 |
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