“Hindbrain”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Hindbrain

释义

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Evolution
Hindbrain diseases
Additional images
References
External links

{{Too-technical|date=October 2018}}{{Infobox brain
| Name = Hindbrain
| Image = EmbryonicBrain.svg
| Caption = Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain structures.
| Image2 = Gray708.svg
| Caption2 = Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle.
| IsPartOf =
| Components =
| Artery =
| Vein =
}}

The hindbrain or rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Together they support vital bodily processes.^[1]

The hindbrain can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh8-Rh1. Rostrally, the isthmus demarcates the boundary with the midbrain.

The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure.^[2]

Metencephalon

Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon.

The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; it contains:

a portion of the fourth(IV) ventricle,
the trigeminal nerve (CN V),
abducens nerve (CN VI),
facial nerve (CN VII),
and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

Myelencephalon

Rhombomeres Rh8-Rh4 form the myelencephalon.

The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata in the adult brain; it contains:

a portion of the fourth ventricle,
the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX),
vagus nerve (CN X),
accessory nerve (CN XI),
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII),
and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

Evolution

The hindbrain is homologous to a part of the arthropod brain known as the sub-oesophageal ganglion, in terms of the genes that it expresses and its position in between the brain and the nerve cord.^[3] On this basis, it has been suggested that the hindbrain first evolved in the Urbilaterian—the last common ancestor of chordates and arthropods—between 570 and 555 million years ago.^[3]^[4]

Hindbrain diseases

A rare brain malformation of the cerebellum is rhombencephalosynapsis characterized by an absent or partially formed vermis. Symptoms can include ataxia. The disorder is a main feature of Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez syndrome.

Additional images

References

{{cite book

| title = Being and Perceiving
| author = Haycock DE
| publisher = Manupod Press
| year = 2011
| isbn = 978-0-9569621-0-2
| page = 41
| url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fXFeQb1z6bsC&q=hindbrain#v=snippet&q=urbilaterian&f=false
|ref=refHaycockDE}}

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.brainexplorer.org/global/brain-atlas/hindbrain | title=Brain atlas - Hindbrain | publisher=Lundbeck Institute - Brain explorer | accessdate=2015-06-08}}{{Citations Broken |date=December 2018}}
2. ^SpringerLink - Journal Article
3. ^¹{{Cite journal|author=Ghysen A |title=The origin and evolution of the nervous system |journal=Int. J. Dev. Biol. |volume=47 |issue=7–8 |pages=555–62 |year=2003 |pmid=14756331 |doi= |url=http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper.php?doi=14756331}}
4. ^Haycock, DE Being and Perceiving

5. Gisele E. Ishak, Jennifer C. Dempsey, Dennis W. W. Shaw, Hannah Tully, Margaret P. Adam, Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara, Ian Glass, Tessa C. Rue, Kathleen J. Millen, William B. Dobyns, Dan Doherty; Rhombencephalosynapsis: a hindbrain malformation associated with incomplete separation of midbrain and forebrain, hydrocephalus, and a broad spectrum of severity, Brain, Volume 135, Issue 5, 1 May 2012, Pages 1370-1386, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws065

6. Tully, H. M., Dempsey, J. C., Ishak, G. E., Adam, M. P., Mink, J. W., Dobyns, W. B., Gospe, S. M., Weiss, A., Phillips, J. O. and Doherty, D. (2013), Persistent figure‐eight and side‐to‐side head shaking is a marker for rhombencephalosynapsis. Mov Disord., 28: 2019-2023. doi:10.1002/mds.25634

7. Poretti, Andrea & Dietrich Alber, Fabienne & Buerki, Sarah & P Toelle, Sandra & Boltshauser, Eugen. (2008). Cognitive outcome in children with rhombencephalosynapsis. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 13. 28-33. 10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.02.005.

8. D Bell, Brian & A Stanko, Heather & L Levine, Ross. (2005). Normal IQ in a 55-year-old with newly diagnosed rhombencephalosynapsis. Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists. 20. 613-21. 10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.003.

9. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Isolated-rhomboencephalosynapsis-–-a-rare-anomaly-Paprocka-Jamroz/2fb11431e0c425c66ea3ec433ad4e964ec5ab239

External links

[https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Rhombencephalon&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20 NIF Search - Hindbrain] via the Neuroscience Information Framework

2 : Brainstem|Embryology of nervous system

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