| 词条 | Charles Southwell |
| 释义 |
| name = Charles Southwell | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1814 | birth_place = London, England | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1860|08|07|1814}} | death_place = Auckland, New Zealand | nationality = | other_names = | occupation = Radical and journalist | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = | spouse = }} Charles Southwell (1814 – 7 August 1860) was a radical English journalist and freethinker. Early lifeCharles Southwell was born in London, the youngest of 33 children in a poor family. His father, William, was a piano maker who had married three times. His mother, Fanny (William's third wife), was William's ex-servant, and at least three decades younger than him. Charles was Fanny's only child. A difficult pupil,[1] but well-read, Southwell left school at the age of twelve (his father died in 1825 or 1826[2]) and got work in a piano factory. It was while working at Broadwood and Sons that Southwell, encouraged by a Christian colleague, read the Sermons of Timothy Dwight and began thinking seriously about religion, only to reject it (as had his father). Radical careerIn 1830, Southwell set up as a radical bookseller in Westminster, London, and joined the radical lecture circuit. Southwell married Mary Seaford in 1832, but the relationship was a troubled one.[3] On Mary's death c.1835, Southwell witnessed the surgical removal of her heart, as Mary had requested.[4] In 1835 he fought as a volunteer with the British Legion during the First Carlist War. Returning in poverty-stricken state a couple of years later, he again found employment at Broadwoods. But he also became more involved in radicalism. Although he had been a radical bookseller, it was not until Southwell's return from Spain that he became more deeply involved in Robert Owen's socialist movement. He was confirmed as an Owenite "socialist missionary" by the Association of All Classes of All Nations in 1840, and worked in that capacity in London and Birmingham. The Oracle of Reason{{main article|The Oracle of Reason}}In 1841, a group of "socialist missionaries" split from Robert Owen, partly over the issue of whether socialist lecturers should take the oath usually taken by dissenting ministers. Clerical opponents of Owenism were threatening to use the law to prevent money being taken at meetings on Sundays. Only religious bodies were permitted to do so. Owenite lecturers were either to stop collecting money on Sundays, or make a public profession of adherence to Christianity. In Campfield, Manchester, the Rev. J. W. Kidd took legal action against the Hall of Science near his church. The Owenite missionary Robert Buchanan consequently took the dissenter's oath.[5] The Central Board of Owen's Universal Community Society was in favour of taking the oath, and of moderating anti-religious activity, and other lecturers followed Buchanan. But others, including Charles Southwell, refused, and resigned their positions.[6] According to Royle (1976, p. 42):
With William Chilton, Southwell opened a freethought bookshop in Bristol in late 1841, and with Chilton and John Field he launched the confrontationally atheistic Oracle of Reason. He was arrested for blasphemy (see the Oracle of Reason entry for the story) on 27 November 1841, spending 17 days in gaol awaiting bail. He faced trial in January 1842, and defended himself. Found guilty, Southwell was fined £100, and sentenced to twelve months in prison. On his release, Southwell discovered that the Oracle, after a succession of editors had been imprisoned, was struggling financially, so he began his own journal, the (more moderate) Investigator.[7] It survived for seven months. After a lecture tour and a spell as a well-reviewed Shakespearean actor, Southwell launched the Lancashire Beacon in 1849, which also failed to last a full year.[8] It closed in 1850. Southwell subsequently left the country. Australia and New ZealandSouthwell emigrated to Australia in April 1855, moving to Auckland, New Zealand, in 1856. His emigration was unexpected and sudden,[9] but should be seen in the context of his being disinherited, and difficult relations with Holyoake.[10] Arriving in Melbourne in July 1855, Southwell initially sought to make his living as a lecturer (avoiding the subject of religion, since few people in Australia knew his background). But when he tried to run for office, his blasphemous past was used against him, and he lost. He supported himself as a touring actor, and it seems that when his group performed in New Zealand in January 1856,[11] Southwell decided to move to Auckland, where, as Cooke (2006) observes, he was "the first acknowledged freethinker to appear on New Zealand shores." In New Zealand, Southwell lectured against the Russian cause in the Crimean War and published the anti-corruption Auckland Examiner.[12] His opposition to missionary support for Maori land claims has led Stenhouse (2005) to accuse Southwell of extreme racism,[13] although Cooke (2012) notes that Southwell had previously criticised African slavery in the USA, and that Southwell's views were widely shared by New Zealand's European colonists at the time. The Examiner was closed by an ailing and penniless[14] Southwell in July 1860, just two weeks before his death.[15] Charles Southwell was buried in Auckland's Symonds Street Cemetery.[16] Southwell's legacyThe Encyclopedist of unbelief Gordon Stein summarised Southwell's significance in the history of freethought as follows:
The New Zealand Association of Rationalists and Humanists commemorated Southwell by naming the "Charles Southwell Award" after him. It was first awarded in 1998 . References1. ^Stein (1985, p.636), Secord (2004) 2. ^Secord (2004). 3. ^Secord (2004) records that it was "marked by separation and mutual infidelity (on Southwell's side with his wife's aunt)..." 4. ^"Only the intervention of the police prevented a riot", says Secord (2004). 5. ^Royle 1976, p.41. 6. ^Herrick (2007. p.725) says that Southwell didn't share Owen's "Utopian ideals" either. 7. ^The decision not to return to the Oracle was a source of "annoyance" (Secord 2004) to his former associates. 8. ^According to Herrick (2007, p.725), it "sold well, but lost money." 9. ^Stein (1985, p.637). 10. ^Cooke (2006) states that "an argument with Holyoake... made it difficult for Southwell to earn money as a freethought lecturer". 11. ^Cooke (2006) dates Southwell's arrival to 29 January 1856, but doesn't mention the touring actors. 12. ^First issue: 11 December 1856, see Cooke (2006) 13. ^Stenhouse (Journal of British Studies 2005, pp. 754–774) 14. ^Stein (1985) emphasises Southwell's health problems. Secord (2004) emphasises the Examiner's financial difficulties. Cooke (2006) mentions both factors. 15. ^Secord (2004) attributes Southwell's death to "consumption"; Stein (1985, p.637), says that he "seems to have suffered from tuberculosis, although this is not certain." Cooke (2006), says that Southwell died "apparently" of tuberculosis. Herrick (2007, p.725) says it was "probably tuberculosis." 16. ^Auckland Humanist Heritage Trail, Southwell Grave 17. ^Stein (1985, p.637) Bibliography
Writings
External links{{wikisource author}}
16 : 1814 births|1860 deaths|British atheism activists|British atheists|British male journalists|Burials at Symonds Street Cemetery|Freethought writers|New Zealand journalists|People convicted of blasphemy|Persecution of atheists|British Auxiliary Legion personnel|19th-century journalists|Male journalists|19th-century male writers|19th-century atheists|People from London |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。