词条 | Charter of Alliance |
释义 |
The Charter of Alliance ({{lang-tr|Sened-i İttifak}}), also known as Deed of Agreement was a treaty between the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire and a number of powerful local rulers signed in 1808, in an attempt to regulate their power and relations with the central Ottoman government. BackgroundIn the Ottoman Empire, agricultural land was considered to be the sultan's private estate. These estates ({{lang-tr|dirlik}}) were granted to cavalrymen ({{lang-tr|tımarlı sipahi}}, "timariot sipahis") in return for their military services during war. The system was similar to the fief system of Medieval Europe, except that the land was non-inheritable, precluding the rise of feudalism in the Ottoman Empire. However during the Empire's decline in the 18th century, two factors provoked a kind of feudalism:
The cavalrymen were replaced by the tax collectors and local military rulers who were called derebeys ("river lords") or ayan. These powerful local leaders formed de facto local dynasties supported by considerable military power. By the end of the 18th century, the authority of the sultan had become almost non-existent outside the capital Istanbul, and the empire had become highly decentralized. Alemdar Mustafa's rise to Grand VizierAlemdar Mustafa Pasha an ayan in Rusçuk (Ruse, Bulgaria) was supporting the reformist Sultan Selim III (reigned 1789–1807). After Selim III was dethroned, Alemdar marched to Istanbul to reenthrone Selim III. However Selim had been killed by the new Sultan Mustafa IV. Alemdar dethroned Mustafa IV and enthroned his brother Mahmut II (reigned 1808–1839). To show gratitude, Mahmut II appointed Alemdar as his grand vizier. The Charter of AllianceOriginally one of the ayans himself, Alemdar tried to end the chaos in the empire by a treaty. He invited other ayans to Istanbul. Although only four of them showed up, Alemdar and they signed a document called the "Charter of Alliance" ({{lang-tr|Sened’i İttifak}})[1] on 29 September 1808. The terms were
AftermathAccording to some historians,[2] the Charter of Alliance was a form of Turkish Magna Carta. Others, however;[2] point out that the Charter, signed in the first half of the 19th century, can't be compared to the Magna Carta of the 13th century. In any case, the Charter was short-lived. According to the treaty, Alemdar's successors would also sign the treaty. But after Alemdar's death no Grand Vizier ratified the treaty, probably due to the sultan's only half-hearted support to it.[3] The Sultan saw this treaty as a challenge to his prestige.[4] In the following years however the energetic Sultan fought against the ayans and was able subdue most of them. See also
References1. ^Constitution page {{tr icon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Charter Of Alliance}}2. ^1 Sina Akşin: Türkiye Tarihi, Cem yayınevi,İstanbul, 2009, vol 3 {{ISBN|975-406-565-9}}, p 95 3. ^Lord Kinross: The Ottoman centuries (trans:Meral Gaspıralı) Altın Kitaplar,İstanbul, 2008,{{ISBN|978-975-21-0955-1}}, p 438 4. ^Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt IV, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 173 3 : 1808 in law|Ottoman law|Constitutional law |
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