| 词条 | Chengziya |
| 释义 |
|pic=Chengziya marker 2009 03 08.jpg |piccap=Roadside marker of the site |c={{linktext|城子崖|遗址}} |p=Chéngzǐyá Yízhǐ |w=Ch'eng2-tzu3-ya2 i2-chih3 |l=Chengziya Ruins }} Chengziya, also spelled Chengziyai, is a Chinese archaeological site and the location of the first discovery of the neolithic Longshan culture in 1928. The discovery of the Longshan culture at Chengziya was a significant step towards understanding the origins of Chinese civilization. Chengziya remains the largest prehistorical settlement found to date.[1] The site is located in Shandong province, about {{convert|25|km}} to the east of the provincial capital Jinan. It is protected and made accessible by the Chengziya Ruins Museum ({{zh|c={{linktext|城子崖|遗址|博物馆}}|p=Chéngzǐyá Yízhǐ Bówùguǎn}}). LocationChengziya is located about {{convert|1|km}} west of Longshan Town ({{zh|c={{linktext|龙|山|镇}}|p={{linktext|Lóng|shān| Zhèn}}}}) under the administration of Zhangqiu City and about {{convert|25|km}} east of the provincial capital of Jinan. The site is located immediately to the north of provincial road S102 and less than {{convert|1|km}} to the south of the Dragon Lake. Other landmarks in the area are Dongping Mausoleum (less than {{convert|2|km}} to the east) and the ruins of the old city wall. Neolithic settlementThe ancient settlement of Chengziya was constructed around 2600 BC[2] and was located on a tableland near the old Guanlu and Wuyuan rivers.[3] The name Chengziya, literally "city cliff" refers to this location and the wall that encloses the settlement.[1] The Wuyan River flows in the north-south direction to the west of the settlement.[1] The Chengziya settlement had rectangular layout (400 by 500 meters, 1300 by 1600 feet[1]) with edges oriented along the north-south and east-west directions. While the western, southern, and eastern walls are straight, the northern wall juts outward following the terrain.[2] The settlement hence covered an area of about 200,000 square meters and was enclosed by a hangtu (rammed earth) wall that stood about {{convert|7|m}} tall, was {{convert|10|m}} wide at the base and tapered off to a width {{convert|5|m}} at the top.[4] The technique for erecting the walls from pounded earth was a new innovation at the time. Successive layers ranging between 12 and {{convert|14|cm}} in thickness were each compacted before the next layer was added.[1] On the outside of the walls was a deep moat that was fed by water from a nearby river.[2] As there are no major walls inside the settlement, the layout conforms to the style of a "platform city" ({{zh|c={{linktext|台|城}}|p={{linktext|tái| chéng}}}}).[2] Chenziya is at the center of a cluster of more than 40 sites belonging to the Longshan Culture.[2] These sites come in three size classes: sites covering from a few thousand up to 10,000 square meters are thought to belong to the ju ({{zh|c={{linktext|居}}|p={{linktext|Jū}}|l= settlements}}) referred to in ancient documents. Larger sites up to 50,000 square meters are believed to be yi (central towns) and finally Chengziya itself has been identified as a du ({{zh|c={{linktext|都}}|p={{linktext|Dū}}}}, capital).[2] Based on thick deposits found at the site (from 3–4 up to 5–6 meters deep), the population of the Chengziya has been estimated to be in the tens of thousands.[2] Other settlementsAfter the decline of the Longshan culture, the Chengziya site was occupied by two more walled settlements. One belonging to the Yueshi culture 1900–1500 BC) and the other dated to the time of the Zhou dynasty (1100–256 BC).[5] Archaeological studyThe site was discovered in 1928 by the archaeologist Wu Jinding ({{zh|c={{linktext|吴|金|鼎}}|p={{linktext|Wú| Jīn|dǐng}}}}, 1901–1948)[6] It was the first discovery of relics from the Longshan Culture which was named for the nearby Longshan ({{zh|s={{linktext|龙|山}}|t={{linktext|龍|山}}|p={{linktext|Lóng| Shān}}}}, literally "Dragon Hill") and the village of the same name. The first excavations on the site were carried out in the years 1930 and 1931. This was the first time that such field research was carried out exclusively by Chinese archaeologists using modern methods.[3] Additional excavations were carried out in 1990 by the Archaeological Institute of Shandong Province on the southern side of the provincial road. Excavations at the site have unearthed the foundations of houses, pottery kilns and wells as well as pottery items (e.g., tripod cauldrons, cups, jars), stone tools, oracle bones, and weapons.[4] Characteristic items found at the site include fine black polished pottery, in particular wheel-turned vessels with an angular outline, abundant gray pottery, as well as rectangular polished stone axes.[7] Some of the pottery found features inscriptions. The objects found inside the Chengziya settlement were in general of higher quality than those of the surrounding areas, which is taken as an indication that Chengziya as a regional capital received tribute from the surrounding smaller settlements.[2] Chengzija is one of the few neolithic sites at which horse bones have been found. However, the recovered material does not allow it to be determined whether horses had already been domesticated at the time.[2] MuseumThe Chengziya Ruins Museum is located 100 m to the east of the neolithic settlement. It covers an area of 20,000 square meters of which 4,000 square meters are occupied by the main building.[3] The museum building was designed by Prof. Yang Hongxun ({{zh|c={{linktext|杨洪勋}}|p={{linktext|Yáng| Hóng|xūn}}}}), an expert on historical buildings. The building is shaped like a mythical bird with the wings containing the exhibition halls and the body conference facilities.[3] The museum was opened in September 1994, the total construction cost was 6 million Chinese Yuan.[3] The museum complex also houses the Jinan Longshan Culture Research Institute.[3] Since its opening, the museum has received more than 500,000 visitors.[3] Political significanceThe remains of the Longshan Culture at Chengziya are cultivated by the government as a source of national pride in the long history of Chinese civilization. The Chengziya site was among the first historical and cultural sites to be placed under government protection in 1961 (State Council resolution number 1-140).[8] Furthermore, it has since been declared a first-tier "patriotism education" site by the municipal and provincial government.[3] Its political importance has been stressed by visits of political leaders.[3] See also{{commons category}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&pg=PA22&dq=Chengziya Alfred Schinz (1996): "The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China", Edition Axel Menges] 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [https://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC&pg=PA104&dq=Chengziya Kwang-chih Chang, Pingfang Xu, Liancheng Lu, Sarah Allan (2005): "The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective", Yale University Press] 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Chengziya Ruins Museum" by the Jinan Municipal Government {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001042717/http://www.jinan.gov.cn/art/2005/8/25/art_836_88696.html |date=October 1, 2012 }} 4. ^1 "Chengziya" by About.com 5. ^V. Pingel, B. Song: "Documentation of historical Monuments in China" (in German) 6. ^biography of Wu Jinding (in Chinese) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707033456/http://www.haww.gov.cn/html/20060711/847389.html |date=July 7, 2011 }} 7. ^Longshan culture. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 31, 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707035743/http://www.jnta.gov.cn/jnta_en/more_view_info.asp?ArticleID=JD00000009&addnum=1 "Chengziya Relics Museum" by the Jinan Tourism Administration] External links
7 : Neolithic cultures of China|Museums in Shandong|Former populated places in China|National archaeological parks of China|Archaeological museums in China|Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shandong|Tourist attractions in Jinan |
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