“Chinese numismatic charm”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Yansheng Coin ({{zh | t=厭勝錢| s=厌胜钱| hp=yàn shèng qián}}), in the west they are more commonly known as Chinese numismatic charms or simply Chinese charms (alternatively they may be known as Chinese amulets or Chinese talismans), refers to a collection of special kinds of coins and coin-shaped objects used mainly for ritual uses as well as fortune telling and are involved in almost all forms of Chinese superstitions and Feng shui. It was very popular in ancient China and even the Republic of China era. Normally these coins are privately funded or cast, such as by a rich family for their own family ceremony, though a few types have been known to be cast by various governments or religious orders over the centuries. They originated during the Han dynasty as a variant of the contemporary Ban Liang and Wu Zhu cash coins but evolved into their right right and into many different categories in various shapes and sizes over the centuries. Chinese numismatic charms typically contain a lot of hidden symbolism and visual puns. Unlike cash coins which usually only contain two or four Hanzi characters on one side Chinese numismatic charms often contain more characters and may or may not also contain pictures on the same side.

Chinese numismatic charms and amulets are not a real kind of currency, however as Chinese coins were valued by their weight in bronze or brass, Chinese numismatic charms tended to circulate on the Chinese market alongside regular government issued coinages as Chinese charms and amulets were often made from copper-alloys and in some cases from precious metals or jade,^[1] and in certain cases some variants were sometimes used as alternative currencies especially temple coins issued by Buddhist temples during the Yuan dynasty when copper currency was scarce or its production was intentionally limited by the Mongol government. As some types of Chinese charms and amulets were used as daily fashion accessories many of them are worn.

The collection (e.g. antique collection, coin collection) of this kind of coins has a long history, and has been very popular since the Western Han Dynasty. Normally this kind of coins are heavily decorated, have complicated patterns, and even engraved.^[2] Sometimes actual government cast Chinese cash coins can become Chinese numismatic charms such as the fact that in Feng shui Qing dynasty era cash coins with inscriptions of the five emperors Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, and Jiaqing placed together are said to bring wealth and good fortune to those that string these five coins together.^[3]^[4]

Chinese numismatic charms and amulets have inspired a similar tradition in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam and often charms and amulets from these other countries can be confused for Chinese charms due to their similar symbolism and inscriptions. Similarly Chinese cash coins themselves may be treated as "lucky charms" outside of China.

Names

Its formal name and pronunciation would be Yasheng coin/money ({{zh | t=押胜钱| s=压胜钱| hp=yā shèng qián| links=no}}), but nowadays Yansheng is more widely known.

In Shuowen Jiezi, it records: "厌，笮也，今人作压。"^[5] ("Yā(厌), bamboo ritual ware, nowadays (Western Han Dynasty period) people use as Yā (压)), which would imply the original meaning of Yasheng is for terrifying ghosts away and praying for victory.^[6]

Sometimes, the nickname for the Yansheng coin also includes the so-called "flower coin" or "patterned coin" ({{zh | t=花錢| s=花钱| hp=huā qián| links=no}}). They are alternatively referred to as "play coins" (wanqian, 玩钱) in China. Historically the term "Yansheng coin" was more popular but in modern China and Taiwan the term "flower coin" has become the more common name.^[7]

History and usage

Yansheng coins were first appeared during the Western Han Dynasty. It was mainly originated from necromancy, for propitious wishes, terrifying ghosts, lucky money, or even for praying the victory of a war.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial government also issued such coins, such as for big festivals or ceremonies like the emperor's birthday or the introduction of a new inscription on government issued cash coins. For example, it was common for the emperor's sixtieth birthday to be celebrated by issuing a charm with the inscription Wanshuo Tongbao (萬夀通寶) because 60 years symbolises a complete cycle of the 10 heavenly stems and the 12 earthly branches.^[8]^[9]

Origins

The earliest Chinese coinage bore inscriptions that described their place of origin during the Warring States period and sometimes their nominal value was included. Eventually other forms of notation such as circles possibly representing "the sun", crescents possibly representing "the moon", and dots possibly representing "the stars" as well as blobs and lines were inscribed on Ancient Chinese coinage. These symbols were sometimes protruded into the surface of the coin (Chinese: 阳文; Pinyin: yáng wén) and sometimes they were carved, engraved or incused (Chinese: 阴文; Pinyin: yīn wén) into these types of coins. These symbols would eventually evolve into Chinese charms with coins originally being used as charms.

Dots were the first and most common form of symbol (appearing mostly during the Han dynasty) that appeared on ancient Chinese cash coins such as the Ban Liang coins, these symbols though simple to produce usually appeared on the obverse side of the coins and were probably carved as a part of the mold, meaning that they were intentionally added. Crescent symbols are found on both the obverse and reverse sides of these coins and were also added around the same period as the dots, after this both regular Chinese numerals and counting rod numerals began to appear on ancient Chinese cash coins during the beginning of the Eastern Han dynasty. Chinese characters also began to appear on these early cash coins which could've meant that these coins should only circulate in certain regions or might've been the names of the people who cast these cash coins.

Coins made under Emperor Wang Mang of the Xin dynasty were later used as the basis of many Chinese amulets and charms because of how distinct these coins look from Han dynasty era coinage.^[10]^[11]

Ancient Chinese texts refer to the Hanzi character for "star" (星) to not exclusively refer to the stars that are visible at night but to also have an additional meaning of "to spread" and "to disseminate" (布, bù), while other old Chinese sources claimed that the character for star was synonymous for the term for "to give out" and "to distribute" (散, sàn), based on these associations and the facts that coinage was seen as power that the dots that appeared on cash coins were thought to have the hidden meaning that cash coins should be akin to the star-filled night sky, and be widespread in circulation, numerous in quantity, and distributed throughout the world.

Another hypothesis on why star, moon, cloud and dragon symbols started appearing on Chinese cash coins is that they represent Yin and Yang and the Wu Xing, or more specifically the element of water (水), this hypothesis claims that the appearance of these symbols wasn't accidental but a manifestation of the fundamental belief of the ancient Chinese people of the time in Yin Yang energy and the elements of the Wu Xing. The Hanzi character for a "spring" (泉), which in this context refers to the underground source of water also meant "coin" in ancient China. In Chinese mythology the moon was an envoy or messenger from the heavens and water was cold air of Yin energy that was being accumulated and had their origins on the moon. As the moon was the spirit in charge of water in Chinese mythology and was in fact its essence the alleged meaning of crescent symbols representing "the moon" on cash coins could indicate that cash coins have to circulate just like water which flows, gushes, and rises. The symbolism of "clouds" or "auspicious clouds" in this context may then refer to the fact that clouds cause rain, in the Book of Changes the second trigram is mentioned to be representative of the element water which appear in the heavens as clouds, this would also imply that like flowing water cash coins should circulate freely. The appearance of wiggly-lines that represent Chinese dragons happened around this time as well and may have also been based on the Wu Xing element of water as dragons were thought to be water animals that were the bringers of both the winds and the rain, this would also confirm that dragons represented the nation that the circulation of cash coins should be free akin to how water flows. In later Chinese charms, amulets, and talismans the dragon became a symbol of the Chinese emperor as well as the central government of China and its power.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

Later developments

Most Chinese numismatic charms produced from the start of the Han dynasty until the end of the Northern and Southern dynasties were very similar in appearance to the Chinese cash coins that were in circulation, in fact the only differentiating factor that Chinese charms and amulets had at the time were the symbols on the reverse of these coins. These symbols included tortoises, snakes, double-edges swords, the sun, the moon, stars, depictions of famous people as well as the twelve Chinese zodiacs. The major development and evolution of Chinese numismatic charms and amulets happened during the period that started from the Six Dynasties and lasted until the Mongol Yuan dynasty. It was during this era that Chinese numismatic charms began using inscriptions that wished for "longevity" as well as "happiness", these charms and amulet became extremely common and widespread into Chinese society. Religious charms such as Taoist and Buddhist amulets also began to appear during this period as did marriage coin charms with "Kama Sutra-like" imagery. Chinese numismatic charms were not only made from copper-alloys anymore but also from iron, lead, tin, silver, and gold as well as porcelain, jade, and paper. New scripts and fonts also appeared on Chinese numismatic charms such as regular script, grass script, Seal script, and Taoist "magic writing" script.

Charms with inscriptions such as fú dé cháng shòu (福德長壽) and qiān qiū wàn suì (千秋萬歲)^[16] were first cast around the end of the Northern dynasties period and then continued right through the Khitan Liao, Jurchen Jin and Mongol Yuan dynasties. During the Tang and Song dynasties open-work charms began to include images of Chinese dragons, Qilin, flowers as well as other plants, fish, deer, insects, Chinese phoenixes, fish, and human beings. The open-work charms from this era in Chinese history were usually used as accessories to clothes, adornment or to decorate horses. The very common Chinese numismatic charm inscription cháng mìng fù guì (長命富貴) was also introduced during the Tang and Song dynasties while the reverse side of these charms and amulets started showing Taoist imagery such as yin-yang symbols, the eight trigrams, and the Chinese zodiacs. It was also under the Song dynasty that a large number of Chinese charms and amulets were being cast, especially the number of Horse coins cast was large as horse coins were being used as gambling tokens and board game pieces. Under the reign of the Khitan Liao dynasty fish charms meant to be worn around the waist were introduced. Under the Jurchen Jin dynasty new types of Chinese numismatic charms and amulets emerged due to the influence of the steppe culture and arts of the Jurchen people. The Jin dynasty merged the Jurchen culture with the Chinese way of administration and the charms of the Jin dynasty innovated on the charms and amulets of the Song dynasty which used hidden symbolism, allusions, implied suggestions, and phonetic homonyms to describe a meaning. Under the Jurchens new symbolisms such as a dragon representing the Emperor and a phoenix the Empress emerged, tigers were used to represent the ministers, lions the government as a whole, and cranes and pine trees were used to describe longevity. Homonyms as hidden symbolism such as jujube fruits for "morning or early" and chickens symbolising "being lucky" also emerged under the Jurchens.

Under the Ming and Manchu Qing dynasties the manufacture of amulets with inscriptions that wish for good luck and those that celebrate events increased. These numismatic charms and amulets depict what is called the "three many", this name is used to describe happiness, longevity, and having many children and grandchildren. Other common wishes included those for wealth and receiving a high rank from the imperial examination system. During this period more Chinese numismatic charms and amulets started using implied and hidden meanings with visual puns, this practice was especially expanded upon under the Manchu Qing dynasty.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]

Categories

Unlike government cast Chinese cash coins which typically only have four characters, Chinese numismatic charms often have more than four characters and depict images of various scenes.^[21]

Early Chinese numismatic charms tend to be cast while when the first struck coinage started appearing in China machine-struck amulets started to be made as well.

Types of Chinese charms

Horse coins

Horse coins (Traditional Chinese: 馬錢; Pinyin: mǎ qián) were a type of Chinese charm that originated in the Song dynasty, most horse coins tend to be round coins 3 centimeters in diameter with a circular or square hole in the middle of the coin. The horses featured on horse coins are depicted in various positions. it is currently unknown how horse coins were actually used though it is speculated that Chinese horse coins were actually used as game board pieces or gambling counters. Horse coins are most often manufactured from copper or bronze, but in a few documented cases they may also be made from animal horns or ivory. The horse coins produced during the Song dynasty are considered to be those of the best quality and craftsmanship and tend be made from better metal than the horse coins produced after.^[22]

Horse coins often depicted famous horses from Chinese history, while commemorative horse coins would also feature riders, such as the horse coin that features “General Yue Yi of the State of Yan” commemorating the event that a Yan general attempted to conquer the city of Jimo.^[23]

Zodiac charms

Chinese zodiac charms are types of charms based on either the twelve animals or the twelve earthly stems. These charms are based on the system of twelve ancient Chinese astronomers deduced by calculating the orbit of Jupiter, which was also applied to Earth, for this reason some ancient Chinese zodiac charms feature stellar constellations. By the time of the Spring and Autumn Period the twelve earthly branches which were associated with the months and the twelve animals became linked to each other which during the Han dynasty became linked to a person's year of birth.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28] Based on these traditions charms with inscriptions related to the twelve animals and twelve earthy branches, some ancient Chinese zodiac charms featured all twelve animals and others might also include the twelve earthly branches. It is not uncommon for zodiac charms to feature the character gua (挂) which indicates that the charm should be hung from a necklace or from the waist.^[29] Modern Fengshui charms often incorporate the same zodiac based features.^[30]

Numismatic charms for good luck

Chinese numismatic "good luck charms" or "auspicious charms" are special Chinese charms inscribed with various Chinese characters representing good luck and prosperity. As the idea that lucky charms had strong effects has traditionally been very popular in China they were also used to what some people think can scare away evil and presumably protect their families. Chinese "good luck charms" generally contain either 4 or 8 characters wishing for good luck, good fortune, money, a long life, many children, and good results in the imperial examination system.^[31] Some Chinese "good luck charms" used images and/or visual puns to make a statement wishing for prosperity and success. Some Chinese "good luck charms" feature pomegranates which symbolise the desire to get successful and skilled male children as the ideal traditional Chinese family would contain 5 sons and 2 daughters as sons carry the ancestral lineage and take care of their family while daughters only take care of their in-laws.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]

Some Chinese numismatic charms depict rhinoceroses which is considered a symbol associated with "happiness" due to the fact that the Chinese words for rhinoceros and "happiness" are both pronounced as xi, as the rhinoceros became extinct in Southern China during the ancient period they became mystified in Chinese legends causing the ancient Chinese to believe the stars in the sky were being reflected in the veins and patterns of a rhinoceros horn. The horn of the rhinoceros was believed that it could emit a vapour that could penetrate bodies water, traverse the skies and open channels to communicate directly with the spirits, for these reasons rhinoceroses are a common theme on Chinese numismatic charms.^[37]^[38]^[39]

A number of good luck charms contain inscriptions such as téng jiāo qǐ fèng (騰蛟起鳳, “a dragon soaring and a phoenix dancing” which is a reference to a story of Wang Bo),^[40] lián shēng guì zǐ (連生貴子, “May there be the birth of one honorable son after another”),^[41] zhī lán yù shù (芝蘭玉樹, "A Talented and Noble Young Man"),^[42]

Gourd charms

Some Chinese numismatic charms contain visual puns such as a Gourd charm that is composed of two replicas of Wu Zhu cash coins with a bat placed to obscure the characters that are nearest to each other, the Chinese word for bat sounds similar to that of "happiness", the square hole in the centre of a cash coin is referred to as an "eye" (眼, yǎn), and as the Chinese word for "coin" (錢, qián) has almost the same pronunciation as "before" (前, qián). For this reason this charm could be interpreted as "happiness is before your eyes".^[47]

Eight Treasures charms

Chinese Eight Treasures charms (Traditional Chinese: 八寶錢; Simplified Chinese: 八宝钱; Pinyin: bā bǎo qián) depict the Eight Treasures, these treasures are also known as the "Eight Precious Things" and the "Eight Auspicious Treasures",^[48]^[49]^[50] but in actuality refer to a large group of items from antiquity known as the "Hundred Antiques" (百古) which consists of objects utilised in the writing of Chinese calligraphy such as painting brushes, ink, writing paper and ink slabs as well as other antiques such as Chinese chess, paintings, Chinese music and various others. Most commonly cash coins, the ceremonial Ruyi, coral, lozenge, Rhinoceros horns, sycees, stone chimes, and the flaming pearls are depicted on older charms. "Eight Treasures charms" can display the eight precious organs of the Buddha's body, the eight auspicious signs, or the various emblems of the eight Immortals from Taoism as well as eight normal Chinese character. Variants without inscriptions also exist.^[51]^[52]

Liu Haichan and the Three-Legged Toad charms

These are Chinese charms depict Liu Haichan and the Jin Chan, Liu Haichan is one of the most popular figures to appear on Chinese charms, the symbolism behind these charms can differ from region to region as in some varieties of Chinese, the character chan has a pronunciation very similar to qián (錢) which means "coin". Because the Jin Chan lives on the moon these charms symbolise wishing for that which is "unattainable" which can be interpreted as that these charms are the most auspicious and conducive to attracting good fortune to the holder. While contradictory the moral of these charms can be interpreted as that attaining money is the fatal attraction which can lure a person to their downfall.^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]

Vault Protector coins

The Book of Changes and Bagua charms (Eight Trigram charms)

Chinese charms depicting illustrations and subjects from the I-Ching are used to wish for the cosmic principles associated with divination in Ancient China such as simplicity, variability, and persistency. Bagua charms may also depict the Eight Trigrams. Bagua charms commonly feature depictions of trigrams, the Yin Yang symbol, Neolithic jade cong's (琮), the Ruyi sceptre, bats, and cash coins.^[59]^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]

Book of Changes and Bagua charms are alternatively known as Yinyang charms (Traditional Chinese: 陰陽錢) because of the fact that the Taijitu is often found with the eight trigrams.^[66]^[67] This is also a popular theme for Vietnamese numismatic charms and many Vietnamese versions contain the same designs and inscriptions.^[68]

Open-work charms

24 character charms ("Good Fortune" and Longevity Charms)

Old Chinese Chess (Xiangqi) pieces

The game of Xiangqi was originally played with either metallic or porcelain chess pieces during ancient times and these pieces were often collected and researched by those with an interest in Chinese cash coins,^[83]^[84] Chinese charms and horse coins. These coins are regarded as a type of Chinese charm and are divided into the following categories:^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88]

The earliest discovered Xiangqi pieces date to the Chongning era (1102-1106) of the Song dynasty and were unearthed in the province of Jiangxi in 1984. These chess charms were also found along the Silk road in provinces like Xinjiang and were also used by the Tanguts of the Western Xia dynasty.^[89]^[90]^[91]

Safe journey charms

Chinese Spade charms

Chinese lock charms

Chinese lock charms (Traditional Chinese: 家鎖; Simplified Chinese: 家锁; Pinyin: jiā suǒ) are Chinese numismatic charms based on locks symbolising protection from evil spirits of both the holder and their property as well as (supposedly) bring good fortune, high results in the imperial examination system, and longevity and could often be found around the necks of children tied by either Buddhist and Taoist priests. Chinese lock charms actually do not have any moving parts and are flat, their form resembles that of the Hanzi character “{{linktext|凹}}” which can translate to "concave", all Chinese lock charms have Chinese characters on them. An example of a Chinese lock charm is the "hundred family lock" (Traditional Chinese: 百家鎖), this lock charm lends its name to the fact that the families of the babies would give areca nuts to other families who were vested in the personal security of the newborn to invite them to donate some of their cash coins to create this lock charm. Many Chinese lock charms are used to wish for stability. Other designs of lock charms include religious mountains, the Bagua, and Yin Yang symbol.^[103]^[104]^[105]^[106]^[107]^[108]

Chinese star charms

"Five poisons" charms and amulets

Nine-Fold Seal Script charms

"Eight Decalitres of Talent" charms

The "Eight Decalitres of Talent" charm is a Qing dynasty era handmade charm that has a blue coloured rim, the left and right characters are painted green while the top and bottom characters are painted orange. This charm has the inscription bā dòu zhī cái (八鬥之才) which could be translated as “eight decalitres of talent”, this inscription is a reference to a story where Cao Zhi outed to his brother Cao Pi opposing the fact that he was being oppressed by his older brother out of envy for his talents. The inscription was devised by the Eastern Jin dynasty poet Xie Lingyun as a reference saying that talent was divided in ten pieces and that Cao Zhi alone contains eight of the ten.^[116]

Fish charms

Chinese peach charms

Peace charms

During the Qing dynasty a tài píng tōng bǎo (太平通寶){{efn|This was an official inscription on a government cast cash coin during the Northern Song dynasty.}} peace charm was created that had additional characters and symbolism at the rim of the coin, on the left and right sides of the charm the characters {{linktext|吉}} and {{linktext|祥}} which can be translated as "good fortune", while on the reverse side the characters rú yì (如意, “as you wish”) are located at the top and bottom of the rim. When these four characters are combined they read rú yì jí xiáng which is translated as “good fortune according to your wishes”, this is a popular expression in China. This charm is notably very rare in its design due to the fact that it has what the Chinese refer to as a “double rim” (重輪), this feature is only rarely found in Chinese cash coins and charms and can be described as having a circular and thin rim surrounding the broad outer rim, further than that this specific charm also has an additional inscription in the recessed area of the rim, an example of a contemporary Chinese cash coin which had these features would be a 100 cash xianfeng zhongbao (咸豐重寶) coin. On the reverse side of this Manchu Qing dynasty era charm are a multitude of inscriptions that have auspicious meanings such as qū xié qiǎn shà (驅邪遣煞, “expel and strike dead evil influences”), tassels and swords which represent a symbolic victory of good over evil, two bats which is a visual pun as the Chinese word for bat is similar to the Chinese word for happiness and the additional inscription of dāng wàn (當卍, “Value Ten Thousand”) this is supposedly the symbolic denomination of this numismatic charm or “coin”.^[141]^[142]

Tiger Hour charms

Chinese burial coins

Chinese burial coins (Traditional Chinese: 瘞錢; Simplified Chinese: 瘗钱; Pinyin: yì qián) or dark coins (Traditional Chinese: 冥錢; Simplified Chinese: 冥钱; Pinyin: míng qián)^[144]^[145] are Chinese imitations of currency that are placed in the grave of a person that is to be buried. The practice dates back to the Shang dynasty when cowrie shells were used, in the belief that the money would be used in the afterlife and be used as a bribe to Yan Wang who would then give a more favourable destination regarding for the spirit of the deceased. As the practice of burying money with the dead attracted grave robbers the practice changed to replace real money with replica currency as any representation of money could be used in the afterlife,^[146]^[147] these coins and other imitation currencies were referred to as clay money (泥錢) or earthenware money (陶土幣). Clay versions of what the Chinese refer to as "low currency" (下幣) shch as cowrie shells, Ban Liang, Wu Zhu, Daquan Wuzhu, Tang dynasty Kaiyuan Tongbao, Song dynasty Chong Ni Zhong Bao, Liao dynasty Tian Chao Wan Shun, Bao Ning Tong Bao, Da Kang Tong Bao, Jurchen Jin dynasty Da Ding Tong Bao, and Qing dynasty Qian Long Tong Bao cash coins have been found in Chinese graves. Imitations of gold and silver "high currency" (上幣) are also known to appear in some Chinese graves, Clay versions of the Kingdom of Chu's gold plate money (泥｢郢稱｣(楚國黃金貨)), yuan jin (爰金), Silk funerary money (絲織品做的冥幣), gold pie money (陶質”金餅”), and other cake-shaped objects (冥器) have all been found in Chinese graves from various periods. Today clay imitations of currency are no longer used but has been replaced by Joss paper, which is burned rather than buried with the deceased subjects.^[148]^[149]^[150]^[151]

Chinese "Laid to Rest" burial charms

Chinese "Laid to Rest" burial charms are bronze Chinese funerary charms or coins usually found in graves, they measure from 2.4 to 2.45 centimeters in diameter and have a thickness of 1.3 to 1.4 millimeters, they contain the obverse inscription rù tǔ wéi ān (入土为安) which means “to be laid to rest”, while the reverses of these coins are blank. These coins were mostly found in graves dating from the late Qing dynasty period but one of these coins was found in a coin hoard of Northern Song dynasty coins. the wéi is written using a simplified Chinese character ({{linktext|为}}) rather than the traditional Chinese version of the character ({{linktext|為}}). Due to many taboos these coins are excluded from numismatic reference books on either Chinese coinage or charms and amulets, in fact on many online coin forums it is not uncommon for Chinese commenters to state that they find these coins as either "horrifying" or "scary" due to the fact that they were put into the mouths of dead people and that these coins ought to be "thrown away because they are unlucky", for these reason these funerary charms tend to be extremely unwanted among collectors which explains their exclusion from reference books.^[152]^[153]^[154]^[155]

Little shoe charms

Chinese football charms

During the Song dynasty there were Chinese numismatic charms cast that depict people playing the sport of cuju, a form of football. These charms display four images of football players in varying positions around the square hole in the middle of the coin, and the reverse side of the coin depicts a dragon and a phoenix, which are the traditional symbols representing men and women, possibly indicating the unisex nature of the sport.^[157]^[158]

Chinese cash coins with charm features

Some Chinese cash coins were known to display features commonly seen in Chinese numismatic charms, Chinese coins with charm features have been created over two thousand years ago with the early Ban Liang and Wu Zhu cash coins, and when the first Chinese charms started appearing during the Han dynasty these coins were already commonplace. Many government issued cash coins and other currencies such as Spade and Knife money that did not have any extra charm-like features were considered to also have “charm-like qualities” and were treated as charms by some people.^[159]^[160]^[161] The Wang Mang era Knife coin with a nominal value of 5,000 cash coins was often seen as a charm by the people because the character {{linktext|千}} (or 1000) is written very similar to the character {{linktext|子}} which means "son" so the inscription of the Knife coin could be read as "worth five sons" as this was very much desired in ancient Chinese society. A coin from Shu Han with the nominal value of 100 Wu Zhu cash coins featured a fish on the reverse of the inscription which symbolises "abundance" and "perseverance" in Chinese culture. Another Shu Han era coin contained the inscription of Tai Ping Bai Qian which was taken as an omen of peace and this coin is often considered to be a peace charm. During the Jin dynasty a coin was issued with the inscription fēng huò (豐貨) which could be translated as "(the) coin of abundance" and it was believed by the people at the time that if someone would possess this coin that this would be economically beneficial for them which is why this coin is commonly referred to as the "cash of riches" in popular tongue.^[162]^[163] During the Tang dynasty period images of clouds, crescents, and stars were often added on coins which the Chinese continued to use in subsequent dynasties. During the Jurchen Jin dynasty coins were cast with reverse inscriptions that featured characters from the twelve earthly branches and ten heavenly stems. During the Ming dynasty stars were sometimes used decoratively on some official government produced cash coins. Under the Manchu Qing dynasty yōng zhèng tōng bǎo (雍正通寶) cash coins cast by the Lanzhou Mint were considered to be charms or amulets capable of warding off evil spirits and demons because the Manchu word "gung" looked similar to the broadsword used by the Chinese God of War, Emperor Guan.^[164]^[165] The commemorative kāng xī tōng bǎo (康熙通寶) cast for the Kangxi Emperor's 60th birthday in the year 1713 was believed to have "the powers of a charm" immediately when it entered circulation, this commemorative coin vontains a slightly different version of the Hanzi symbol "{{linktext|熙}}", at the bottom of the cash, as this character would most commonly have a vertical line at the left part of it but did not have it, and the part of this symbol which was usually inscribed as "{{linktext|臣}}" has the middle part written as a "{{linktext|口}}" instead. Notably, the upper left area of the symbol "{{linktext|通}}" only contains a single dot as opposed of the usual two dots used during this era. Several myths were attributed to this coin over the following three-hundred years since it has been cast such as the myth that the coin was cast from molten down golden statues of the 18 disciples of the Buddha which earned this coin the nicknames "the Lohan coin" and "Arhat money". These commemorative kāng xī tōng bǎo cash coins were given to children as yā suì qián (壓歲錢) during Chinese new year, some women wore them akin to how an engagement ring is worn today, and in rural Shanxi young men wore this special kāng xī tōng bǎo cash coin between their teeth like men from cities had golden teeth. Despite the myths surrounding this coin I was made from a copper-alloy and did not contain any gold but it was not uncommon for people to enhance the coin with gold leaf.^[166]^[167]^[168]

Chinese marriage and sex education charms

Chinese marriage charms (Traditional Chinese: 夫婦和合花錢; Simplified Chinese: 夫妇和合花钱; Pinyin: fū fù hé hé huā qián), also known as "secret play" coins (Traditional Chinese: 秘戲錢; Simplified Chinese: 秘戏钱; Pinyin: mì xì qián), "secret fun" coins, "hide (evade) the fire (of lust) coins" (Traditional Chinese: 避火錢; Simplified Chinese: 避火钱; Pinyin: bì huǒ qián), Chinese marriage coins, Chinese love coins, Chinese spring money (Traditional Chinese: 春錢; Simplified Chinese: 春钱; Pinyin: chūn qián), Chinese erotic coins, Chinese wedding coins and many other names, are Chinese numismatic charms or amulets that depict scenes of sexual intercourse in various positions to illustrate how the newlywed couple should perform on their wedding night to meet their responsibilities and obligations to their family and Chinese society to produce children, dates and peanuts symbolising the wish for reproduction, lotus seeds symbolising "continuous births", chestnuts symbolising male offspring, pomegranates symbolising fertility, brans symbolising sons that will be successful, "dragon and phoenix" candles, cypress leaves, Qilins, bronze mirrors, shoes, saddles, and other things associated with traditional Chinese weddings.

The name "spring money" is a reference to an ancient Chinese ritual in which girls and boys would sing romantic music to each other from across a stream that is still practised by various minorities today. Sex acts were traditionally only scarcely depicted in Chinese art but stone carvings from the Han dynasty showcasing sexual intercourse were found and bronze mirrors with various sexual themes were common during the Tang dynasty. It was also during the Tang dynasty that coins graphically depicting sex started being produced. Chinese love charms often have the inscription "wind, flowers, snow and moon" (風花雪月) which is an obscure verse referring to a happy and frivolous setting, although every individual character might also be used to identify a Chinese goddess or the "Seven Fairy Maidens" (七仙女). Other Chinese wedding charms often have inscriptions like fēng huā yí rén (風花宜人), míng huáng yù yǐng (明皇禦影), and lóng fèng chéng yàng (龍鳳呈樣).^[169]^[170]^[171]^[172]^[173]^[174] These charms could also be used in brothels where a man who would purchase the services of a prostitute but couldn't communicate in the local language would be able to simply point at the coin and communicate his desired sexual position to the prostitute.^[175]^[176]

Some Chinese marriage charms contain references to the famous 9th century poem Chang hen ge, where characters are illustrated in four different sex positions and four Chinese characters representing the spring, wind, peaches, and plums.^[177]

Chinese pendant charms

Chinese "World of Brightness" coins

During the late Qing dynasty the traditional cast coinage was slowly being replaced by machine-struck coinage, one of the first provincial mints to adopt machines for striking milled coinage was the Guangzhou Mint of the province of Guangdong, somewhere around this time machine-struck charms with the inscription guāng míng shì jiè (光明世界, "World of Brightness") started appearing that looked very similar to the contemporary milled guāng xù tōng bǎo (光緒通寶) cash coins. Currently numismatists haven't figured out either the meaning, purpose, or origin of these Chinese "World of Brightness" coins. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain both the meaning and usage of these coins, one hypotheses proposes that these coins were a form of hell money because it is thought that "World of Brightness" in this context would be a euphemism for "world of darkness" which is how the Chinese call death, another hypotheses suggests that these coins were gambling tokens, while another hypothesis has claimed that these coins used by the Heaven and Earth Society due to the fact that the Hanzi character míng (明) is a component of the name of the Ming dynasty (明朝), which meant that the inscription guāng míng (光明) could be read as "the glory of the Ming". There are 3 variations of the "World of Brightness" coin, the most common one contains the same Manchu characters on the reverse as the contemporary guāng xù tōng bǎo (光緒通寶) cash coins indicating that this coin was produced by the mint of Guangzhou, another version has the same inscription written on the reverse side of the coin, while a third variant has nine stars on the reverse aide of the coin.^[184]

Chinese palindrome charms

Chinese palindrome charms are very rare Chinese numismatic charms that contain palindromes and depict what in China is known as "palindromic poetry" (回文詩), in this form of poetry the sentenced produced aren't always palindromes but simply have to make sense when reading in either direction.^[185]^[186] Because of their rarity Chinese palindrome charms are usually excluded from reference books on Chinese numismatic charms. A known example of a presumably Qing dynasty period Chinese palindrome charm reads "我笑他說我看他打我容他罵" ("I, laugh, he/she, talks, I, look, he/she, hits, I, am being tolerant, he/she, scolds") in this case the meaning of the words can be altered depending on how this inscription is read, as definitions may vary depending on the preceding pronoun. Due to the nature of this charm it could be read both clockwise and counter-clockwise which could change the entire meaning of a sentence if read. Due to the way this inscription was written it tells of two sides of a combative relationship and could be read as representing either party.

"Cassia and Orchid" charms

Confucian charms

Confucian charms are Chinese numismatic charms that depict the traditions, rituals, and moral code of Confucianism such as filial piety and "righteousness".^[190]^[191]^[192]^[193] Examples of Confucian charms would include a charm that depicts Shenzi carrying firewood on a shoulder pole, open-work charms depicting stories from "The Twenty-Four Examples of Filial Piety" (二十四孝),^[194]^[195]^[196] the "five relationships" (五倫), Meng Zong kneeling besides bamboo, Dong Yong (a Han dynasty era man) working a hoe to earn money for his sick father after the death of his mother, Wang Xiang with a fishingpole, as well as coins with inscriptions such as fù cí zǐ xiào (父慈子孝, "the father is kind and the son is filial") read clockwise, yí chū fèi fǔ (義出肺腑, "righteousness comes from the bottom of one's heart"), zhōng jūn xiào qīn (忠君孝親, "be loyal to the sovereign and honor one's parents"), huā è shuāng huī (花萼雙輝, "petals and sepals both shine"), and jìng xiōng ài dì (敬兄愛第, "revere older brothers and love younger brothers").^[197]^[198]^[199]^[200]

Men Plow, Women Weave charms

Chinese money trees

Taoist Charms

During the Song dynasty a number of Taoist charms depicting the “Quest for Longevity” were cast, these Taoist charms contain images of an immortal, incense burner, crane, and a tortoise on the obverse and Taoist "magic writing" on the reverse. Taoist charms containing the quest for immortality are quite a common motif and reproductions of this charm were commonly made after the Song period.^[216] Some Taoist charms from the Qing dynasty contain images of Lü Dongbin with the inscription fú yòu dà dì (孚佑大帝, “Great Emperor of Trustworthy Protection”), this charm notably contains a round hole rather than a square one as is typical of most Chinese numismatic charms.^[217]^[218]

A Taoist charm from either the Jin or Yuan dynasty without any written text shows what is commonly believed to be either a "boy under a pine tree" (松下童子) or a "boy worshipping an immortal" (童子拜仙人), but there's an alternative hypothesis that this charm depicts a meeting between Laozi and Zhang Daoling, this hypothesis is based on the fact that the figure supposedly representing Zhang Daoling is carrying a cane which in Mandarin Chinese is a homophone for Zhang. On the reverse side of the charm are the twelve Chinese zodiacs, each zodiac is in a circle surrounded by what in the Chinese numismatic charms world is referred to as "auspicious clouds" which number eight as this is considered a "lucky" number in China.^[219]

Chinese charms with coin inscriptions

Ming dynasty cloisonné charms

It is popular for Chinese numismatic cloisonné charms from after the Ming dynasty (especially cloisonné charms produced in the Qing dynasty) to have flower patterns.^[237]

Chinese charms with musicians, dancers, and acrobats

Chinese treasure bowl charms

Chinese treasure bowl charms are Chinese numismatic charms that feature references to the mythical treasure bowl (聚寶盆) which would usually grant unending wealth to those who hold it but may also be responsible for great sorrow. These charms are pendants with an image of the mythical treasure bowl filled with various treasures from the eight treasures on one side and the inscription píng ān jí qìng (平安吉慶, "Peace and Happiness") on the other. The loops of these charms are a dragon and the string would be placed between the legs and the tail of the dragon, while at the bottom of these charms is the dragon's head looking upwards.^[242]^[243]

Chinese poem coins

Chinese poem coins (Traditional Chinese: 詩錢; Simplified Chinese: 诗钱; Pinyin: shī qián, alternatively 二十錢局名) were Chinese cash coins cast under the Kangxi Emperor,^[244]^[245] a Manchu Emperor known for his Chinese poetry skills and wrote the work "Illustrations of Plowing and Weaving" (耕織圖) in 1696. Under the Kangxi Emperor 23 mints operated at various times with many closing and reopening, the coins produced under the Kangxi Emperor all had the obverse inscription Kāng Xī Tōng Bǎo (康熙通寶) and had the Manchu character {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ}} (Boo, building) written on the left side of the square hole and the name of the mint in Chinese on the right. As the name Kangxi was composed of the characters meaning "health" ({{linktext|康}}) and "prosperous" ({{linktext|熙}})^[246]^[247]^[248]^[249] the Kāng Xī Tōng Bǎo cash coins were already viewed as having auspicious properties by the Chinese people. As the Kāng Xī Tōng Bǎo cash coins were produced at various mints some people placed these coins together to form poems, even though many of these poems did not have any meaning they were composed in adherence to the rules of Classical Chinese poetry. These coins were always placed together to form the following poems:

According to an old Chinese superstition the strung "charm" of twenty coins also known as "set coins" (套子錢) only worked if all coins were genuine and this could be tested by placing them on a chicken-coop and if the cocks did not crow during the early morning. As carrying twenty coins together was seen as less than convenient new charms were being produced that had the ten of the twenty mint marks on each side of the coin, unlike the actual cash coins that they're based on these charms tend to have round holes in the middle and are also round in shape. Sometimes they were painted red as the colour red is viewed to be auspicious in Chinese culture. Sometimes these coins had obverse inscriptions wishing for good fortunes and the twenty mint marks on their reverse, these inscriptions include:

Buddhist charms and temple coins

Buddhist charms (Traditional Chinese: 佛教品壓勝錢; Simplified Chinese: 佛教品压胜钱; Pinyin: fó jiào pǐn yā shēng qián) are Chinese numismatic charms that display Buddhist symbols of mostly Mahayana Buddhism. These charms can have inscriptions in both Chinese and Sanskrit (while those with Sanskrit inscriptions didn't start appearing until the Ming dynasty),^[253]^[254] these charms generally contain blessings from the Amitābha Buddha such as coins with the inscription ē mí tuó fó (阿彌陀佛). Temple coins often had inscriptions calling for compassion and requesting for the Buddha to protect the holder of the coin, most temple coins tend to be diminutive in size, some temple coins contan mantras from the Heart Sūtra. Some Buddhist charms are pendants dedicated to the Bodhisattva Guanyin, many contain the image of a lotus which is traditionally associated with the Buddha, and cooking bananas associated with Vanavasa. Less commonly some Buddhist charms also contain Taoist symbolism including the Taoist "magic writing" secret script. There are Buddhist charms based on the Ming dynasty era hóng wǔ tōng bǎo (洪武通寶) but larger.

Japanese Buddhist charms in China

The Buddhist qiě kōng cáng qì (且空藏棄) Japanese numismatic charm cast during the years 1736-1740 in Japan during the Tokugawa shogunate dedicated to the Ākāśagarbha Bodhisattva based on one of the favourite mantras of Kūkai is frequently found in China. Ākāśagarbha one of the 8 immortals who attempts to free people from the cycle of reincarnation with compassion. These coins were brought to China in large numbers by Japanese Buddhist monks, another Japanese Buddhist charm frequently found in China has the inscription nā mó ē mí tuó fó (南無阿彌陀佛, "I put my trust in (the) Amitābha Buddha").^[255]^[256]^[257]

Chinese Boy charms

Chinese astronomy coins

Chinese astronomy coins (Traditional Chinese: 天象錢; Simplified Chinese: 天象钱; Pinyin: tiān xiàng qián) are Chinese numismatic charms that depict star constellations, individual stars, as well as other astronomical objects from ancient Chinese astronomy, they may additionally also contain texts from the Classic of Poetry, the Four Divine Creatures and the Twenty-Eight Mansions, as well as illustrations from the story the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl. Astronomy coins usually contain guideposts to differentiate the different stars and constellations on coins, the constellations are divided into four cardinal directions equal to the wind directions.^[262]^[263]^[264]

House charms

Chinese house charms refer to Chinese numismatic charms and amulets placed within a house to bring good fortune to the place, or to balance the house according to Feng shui, these charms date back as early as the Han dynasty. As ancient Chinese people believed that they needed assistance from spirits and gods to gain wealth, male offspring, and protection from evil spirits and demonic entities these house charms were placed in houses as early as during the construction of the place, they were also placed in temples and many other types of buildings. Many traditional Chinese houses tend to display images of the menshen. Some buildings were built with a "foundation stone" (石敢當) based on the Mount Tai in Shandong that had the inscription tài shān zài cǐ (泰山在此, "Mount Tai is here") or tài shān shí gǎn dāng (泰山石敢當, "the stone of Mount Tai dares to resist"), ridgepoles in Chinese buildings are usually painted red and are decorated with red paper, cloth banners, and Bagua charms. Many Chinese house charms are small bronze statues of bearded old men assigned to protect the house from evil spirits, the God of War, Zhong Kui (鍾馗), and the "Polar Deity". Five poison charms are often used to scare away unwanted human visitors as well as actual pets depicted on these charms such spiders and snakes. House charms tend to have inscriptions inviting good fortune into the home like cháng mìng fù guì (長命富貴, "longevity, wealth and honour"), fú shòu tóng tiān (福壽同天, "good fortune and longevity on the same day"), zhāo cái jìn bǎo (招財進寶, "attracts wealth and treasure"), sì jì píng ān (四季平安) which means "peace for the four seasons"), wǔ fú pěng shòu (五福捧壽, "five fortunes surround longevity"), shàng tiān yán hǎo shì (上天言好事, "ascend to heaven and speak of good deeds"), and huí gōng jiàng jí xiáng (回宮降吉祥, "return to your palace and bring good fortune").^[265]^[266]^[267]

Chinese charms and amulets with sword symbolism

The image of two swords on Chinese amulets stems from a legend where Taoist leader Zhang Daoling saw Laozi appear to him on a mountain in present-day Sichuan and gave him two swords. Alternatively two swords can also represent two dragons which come from a legend where a man named Lei Huan (雷煥) received two swords in the city of Fengcheng (豐城). He kept one sword himself while he gave the other sword to his son Lei Hua (雷華). On a day Lei Hua carried his sword while crossing the Yanping Ford (延平津), his sword suddenly dropped out of its scabbard and then fell into the river below and sank. Lei Hua ordered one of his servants to retrieve his sword by swimming into the river and diving to fetch it, under the water the servant tasked with finding the sword only witnessed two coiled and entwined Chinese dragons.^[271]^[272]^[273]^[274]

Another popular way swords are integrated in Chinese numismatic charms and amulets is by stringing Chinese cash coins or imitations of cash coins into a sword-shape, in Feng shui these coin-swords are often hung above windows or on the side of walls because it is believed that demons and evil spirits would be frightened away by these objects because these swords resemble the sword of Zhong Kui. Chinese charms and amulets depicting swordsman usually depict one of the Taoist immortals Zhong Kui or Lu Dongbin, these two individuals can often be recognised by their attire and other symbolism, however it isn't always clear which swordsman is depicted on these charms, swordsman further appear on zodiac charms, Bagua charms, elephant chess pieces, lock charms, and other categories of Chinese numismatic charms. Another person who appears on Chinese amulets is Zhenwu who is regarded as the perfect warrior.^[275]^[276]^[277]^[278]^[279]

A common inscription on a Chinese sword charm is The Chinese inscription is qū xié jiàng fú (驅邪降福, "Expel evil and send down good fortune (happiness)"), but most commonly these charms feature inscriptions or "imperial orders"/"edicts" (敕令, chì lìng) ordering for demons and evil spirits to be expelled. Sometimes rather than using images of real swords an image of a calamus is used due to the fact that the leaves of this plant resemble a sword.^[280]^[281]^[282]^[283]^[284]

Paizi designs featured on Chinese numismatic charms

In November 2018 Dr. Helen Wang of the British Museum posted an article on the website Chinese money matters where she noted that the British Museum was in possession of Chinese charms and amulets that featured designs based on paizi (牌子), according to Helen Wang the Chinese author Dr. Alex Chengyu Fang (方稱宇) mentions these charms as "Hanging plaques and charms of unusual shapes" (掛牌與異形錢) in his 2008 book Chinese Charms: Art, Religion and Folk Belief (中國花錢與傳統文化), and also notes that some of these pieces depict lingpai (令牌). Helen Wang also mentions that the American Gary Ashkenazy noted examples of "pendant charms" (挂牌) with these designs on his Primaltrek website. Based on later comments made by Andrew West (@BabelStone) Tangut characters appeared on paizi produced in the Western Xia and comments by Dr. Alex Chengyu Fang made on Twitter were noted by Dr. Wang that paizi inspired designs not only appeared on rectangular charms and amulets but also on cash coin-shaped charms which are round with a square centre hole where the paizi is featured directly above the square hole and often feature Chinese zodiacs in their designs. The British Museum is also in possession of Chinese charms and amulets with these designs which they acquired from the Tamba Collection (which was originally in the hands of Kutsuki Masatsuna, who lived bwtween the years 1750 and 1802).^[285]^[286]

Chinese Numismatic Charms Museum

On February 1, 2015 a Chinese Numismatic Charms Museum (Traditional Chinese: 中國古代民俗錢幣博物館; Simplified Chinese: 中国古代民俗钱币博物馆; Pinyin: zhōng guó gǔ dài mín sú qián bì bó wù guǎn) was opened in the Hainanese city of Haikuo, this museum is located in a building that is a replica of the Szechuan Kanting Civilian Commercial Bank in Movie Town Haikou and has exhibition areas that cover around 530 square meters. The collection of the Chinese Numismatic Charms Museum contains both Chinese coins and paper money and has more than two thousand Chinese numismatic charms from the Han dynasty until the Republic of China.^[287]^[288]

Charms from ethnic minorities

Liao dynasty charms

Charms of the Sui people

There are Chinese numismatic charms produced by the Sui people of Guizhou. In 2004 a Sui coin was discovered dating to the Northern Song dynasty produced between 1008 and 1016, this coin had the inscription dà zhōng xiáng fú (大中祥符) on one side and the word "wealth" written in Sui script on the other side, as this is the only known coin produced by the Sui people it established that they don't have a numismatic tradition like the Han Chinese have, however several numismatic charms attributed to the Sui people from the Sandu Shui Autonomous County such as a charm depicting male and female dragons (being transformed from fish) on the obverse and the twelve Chinese zodiacs and the twelve earthly branches written in Sui script on the reverse. Unlike Chinese charms Sui charms differentiate between male and female dragons by showing male genitalia on the male dragon, this seems to be a common feature for male dragons on numismatic charms by neighbouring ethnic groups from the same region.^[296]^[297]^[298]

Implied and hidden meanings

One fundamental difference between cash coins and numismatic charms is that the majority of cash coins have 4 character inscriptions that (usually) bear the reign names indicating the period of production and their nominal value, comparably most Chinese numismatic charms also have 4 character inscriptions, though these do not serve for identification but contain wishes and desires such as auspicious inscriptions hoping that good fortune or health will arrive to the carrier, or that they'll succeed in the business world or do well on the imperial examination.^[300] Other inscriptions however wish for evil and dark spirits or ghosts to go away, or for misfortune to be averted. Unlike cash coins Chinese numismatic charms also depict a large range of images which are intended to enhance the rich symbolism of Chinese charms. Many Chinese numismatic charms and amulets also contain a lot of visual ad spoken puns, this is due to the nature of Chinese languages where they contain an enormous number of written Hanzi characters but only a minor number of spoken words which means that many Hanzi characters have the same pronunciation.{{efn|Depending on the local Chinese variety as the pronunciation of Hanzi characters can differ substantially between them.}} The Chinese charms and amulets produced under the reigns of the Ming and Manchu Qing dynasties often used visual and spoken puns. These implied or hidden meanings are referred in Mandarin Chinese as jí xiáng tú àn (吉祥圖案, "lucky pictures" or a rebus) as it is not uncommon for Chinese charms and amulets to depict animals, plants, and other things as a substitute for words due to their similarities in pronunciation despite there being no other relationship between them or what is expressed with the imagery.^[301]^[302]^[303]^[304]^[305]^[306]

List of symbols that appear on Chinese numismatic charms and their implied meanings

See also

Notes

References

1. ^Anything Anywhere China, amulets by Bob Reis. Retrieved: 05 June 2018.
2. ^Baidu.com Encyclopaedia: Yansheng Coin (厌胜钱)(in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
3. ^Your Chinese Astrology [https://www.yourchineseastrology.com/feng-shui/items/ Feng Shui Items/Symbols and Their Meanings]. Retrieved: 13 May 2018.
4. ^{{cite web|url= http://shuangxingfu.blogspot.nl/2008/02/ancient-five-emperor-coins.html?m=1|title= ANCIENT FIVE EMPEROR COINS.|date=13 February 2008|accessdate=14 May 2018|work= Miss Cheah (Xing Fu - 幸福)}}
5. ^"笮" in pinyin is zé or zuó. Zé appeared earlier, and original meant "bamboo ware to contain arrows", so it's a military ware (for war and hunting). Zuó came later, which means "rope made of bamboo rips".
6. ^Shuowen Jiezi (a Chinese dictionary of Western Han Dynasty), by Xu Shen
7. ^LinkSpringer [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-981-10-1793-3_9 Lucky Charms from the Ming and the Qing Dynasties]. Author: Jian Hu (Shenzhen Municipal Government, Shenzhen, China). Translated by Mao Yue-hao (毛越浩). First Online: 10 December 2016. Retrieved: 22 June 2018.
8. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_vietnam/letrunghung/nvnlth04b.htm|title= Vạn Thọ thông bảo 萬夀通寶 de Cảnh Hưng 景興 (1774).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=6 July 2018|work= François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)|language=fr}}
9. ^Albert Schroeder, Annam, Études numismatiques, n°589. (in French)
10. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/charmcoins.html|title= Emergence of Chinese Charms - Symbols Begin to Appear on Chinese Coins.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=27 March 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
11. ^Museum of Chinese Art and Ethnography ● Parma, Italy ● 0521-257.337 Good Luck Charms. Retrieved: 08 May 2018. Xaverian Missionaries © Museo d'Arte Cinese ed Etnografico - 2018 - Parma, Italia
12. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/yinyangfiveelements.html|title= "Yin Yang" and the "Five Elements" as the Basis for Star, Moon, Cloud, and Dragon Symbols on Ancient Chinese Coins and Charms.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=26 June 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
13. ^Chinese Symbolism & Art Motifs by C.A.S. Williams. Publisher: DAlphabetical.
14. ^Amuletes & Talismans Monetiformes D'Extreme Orient by Karl Petit.
15. ^Nations Online Five Elements or the Five States of Change - The Theory of the Five Elements - Wu Xing (Chinese: 五行; pinyin: wǔxíng), often shortened to Five Elements, is the concept in Chinese philosophy conceiving the world as dynamic states, or phases, of constant change. Retrieved: 26 June 2018.
16. ^Charm.ru Liao Dynasty Charm - Qian Qiu Wan Sui by Vladimir Belyaev. Published: February 09, 2002. Retrieved: 1 June 2018.
17. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/|title= Ancient Chinese Charms and Coins.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=1 June 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
18. ^Open Library [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7760031W/History_of_amulets_charms_and_talismans History of amulets, charms and talismans. A historical investigation into their nature and origin]. By Michael Lewy Rodkinson. Published 1893 in New York. Retrieved: 1 June 2018.
19. ^Coole, Arthur B. Coins in China's History. Mission, Kansas, USA, 1965.
20. ^SpringerLink [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-1793-3_1 Chinese Charms and the Iconographic Language of Good Luck and Heavenly Protection] by Alex Chengyu Fang and François Thierry. City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China – The French National Library, Paris, France. First Online: 10 December 2016. Retrieved: 1 June 2018.
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30. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.thespruce.com/lucky-charms-for-all-chinese-zodiac-signs-1274613 |title= Feng Shui Lucky Charms for All Chinese Zodiac Signs (www.thespruce.com) - Find the 2017 and overall lucky charms for your Chinese zodiac sign.|date=10 March 2017|accessdate=13 April 2018|work=Rodika Tchi (for The Spruce)}}
31. ^« Writing against Evil : Epigraphy on Chinese yaguai 壓怪 Charms », in Fang A.C. & Thierry Fr. (eds.). The Language and Iconography of Chinese Coin Charms: Deciphering a Past Belief System, Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg 2016, 203-222.
32. ^KKNews [https://kknews.cc/zh-hk/collect/gv8n9ae.html 花錢一真實成交表 2017-02-23 由我曰了發表于收藏]. Retrieved: 18 April 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese)
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34. ^Fang A C, & Thierry Fr. (éditeurs). The Language and Iconography of Chinese Coin Charms: Deciphering a Past Belief System, Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg 2016. 302+xx pages. {{ISBN|978-981-10-1791-9}}.
35. ^Amulettes de Chine et du Vietnam (1987) by François Thierry de Crussol (in French).
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37. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/auspicious.html#fu_yan_shou_chang|title= Charms with Auspicious Inscriptions -- Good Fortune, Wealth, Longevity, Honor, Sons and Official Rank - Longevity, Wealth and Honor.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=14 April 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
38. ^Primalastrology. PRIMAL ZODIAC SIGN OF RHINOCEROS by Simon Poindexter. Retrieved: 18 April 2018.
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41. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/09/28/may-there-be-the-birth-of-one-honorable-son-after-another/|title= May There Be the Birth of One Honorable Son after Another.|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=13 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
42. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2016/11/11/a-talented-and-noble-young-man/ |title= A Talented and Noble Young Man.|date=11 November 2016|accessdate=13 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
43. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/gourd.html|title= Gourd Charms - 葫蘆 - Gourds in Ancient China.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=18 April 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
44. ^HubPages [https:// hubpages.com/religion-philosophy/how-to-use-hulu-gourd-in-fengshui How to use hulu gourd in feng shui] by Pinkytoky. Updated on September 4, 2017. Retrieved on April 19th, 2018.
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54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mahjongtreasures.com/2015/01/13/liu-hai-and-the-three-legged-toad/ |title=Liu Hai and the Three Legged Toad.|date=13 January 2015|accessdate=22 April 2018|work=Kuan Yin for Mahjong Treasures. }}
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58. ^“Coins in China’s History” published in 1936 by Arthur B. Coole (邱文明).
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60. ^Talismans & Amulets by Felicitas H. Nelson - Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008 - Body, Mind & Spirit - 267 pages. {{ISBN|1402746253}}, 9781402746253
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62. ^Ba Gua Nei Gong Tian Gan Heavenly Stem (Ba Gua, #5) by Tom Bisio.
63. ^Liu Bin's Zhuong Gong Bagua Zhang: Foundation Practices, Volume One by Zhang Jie.
64. ^The Eight Animals of Bagua Zhang (Book and Dvd) by Ted Mancuso, Debbie Shayne (Photographer).
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68. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/yin%20yang/ncnamuyy070.htm|title= Amulette yin yang 陰陽 des Quatre saisons - Four seasons Yinyang charm.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=4 August 2018|work= François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)|language=fr}}
69. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/openwork.html |title= Chinese Open Work Charms - 鏤空錢 - "Hollowed Out" Money.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=25 April 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
70. ^The Language and Iconography of Chinese Charms: Deciphering a Past Belief System (English and Chinese Edition) by Alex Changyu Fang and François Thierry. 1st ed. 2016 Edition. Published by Springer. {{ISBN|978-9811017919}}, {{ISBN|9811017913}}
71. ^Brand: Way of the Dragon Publishing, The - Qigong Empowerment: A Guide to Medical, Taoist, Buddhist and Wushu Energy Cultivation (English and Chinese Edition) by Master Shou-Yu Liang & Wen-Ching Wu.
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73. ^Sportstune (Chinese charms) Chinese charms, section 8. 8. OPEN WORK CHARMS. 8.1 Geometric designs. 8.2 Plants and flowers. 8.3 Dragons. 8.4 Dragon and Phoenix. 8.5 Phoenix or birds. 8.6 Deer or other animals. 8.7 Fish. 8.8 Human figures. 8.9 Buildings. Retrieved: 02 May 2018.
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75. ^Confucian Democracy: A Deweyan Reconstruction by Sor-hoon Tan Publisher: SUNY Press, 2003.
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79. ^Columbia University Press - How to Read Chinese Poetry Workbook by Cai Zong-Qi. Published: 6 March 2012. {{ISBN|0231156588}}. {{ISBN|978-0231156585}}.
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82. ^Filial Piety in Chinese Thought and History by Alan Kam-leung Chan, Sor-hoon Tan. Publisher: Psychology Press, 2004.
83. ^History of Chess. Xiangqi, Chinese Chess - Les échecs chinois. Published: 30/07/2012. Retrieved: 29 April 2018.
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86. ^Carolus Chess [https://sites.google.com/site/caroluschess/chess-and-game-variants/xiangqi/ancient-xiangqi-pieces Ancient Xiangqi Pieces Introduction to Chinese Xiangqi Chess] by Carolus. Retrieved: 29 April 2018.
87. ^Chotscho [Facsimile Reproduction of Important Findings of the First Royal Prussian Expedition to Turfan in East Turkistan] (1913) vol.1 page 218.
88. ^Sportstune (Chinese charms) Chinese charms, section 39-45. 39. CHESS PIECES. 40. MEDALS. 41. PASSES, ORDERS, IDENTITY DISKS. 42. TALLIES AND COUNTERS. 43. TOKENS. 44. DRESS ORNAMENTS. 45. UTENSILS. Retrieved: 02 May 2018.
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101. ^2-Clicks COINS Chinese spade coins. Derived from a farmer’s tool, different variations of spade moneys were used as forms of coinage in ancient China. This early form of currency became the foundation of succeeding coins minted in China. Copyright © 2-Clicks Coins 2016. Retrieved: 12 July 2017.
102. ^[https://www.amazon.com/early-coins-Chou-dynasty/dp/0880000104 The early coins of the Chou dynasty]. Author: Arthur Braddan Coole. Publisher: Boston : Quarterman Publications [1973] ©1973.
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104. ^{{cite web|url= https://longjourneyce.wordpress.com/2010/05/22/ancient-chinese-charms-and-coins-2/|title= Ancient Chinese Charms and Coins (2).|date=22 May 2010|accessdate=1 May 2018|work= Longjourney Online Chinese and English (Vogue and Carefree Learning) }}
105. ^{{cite web|url= https://resources.made-in-china.com/article/culture-life/jQnxpWAGoEIk/Ancient-Chinese-Lock-Charms/|title= One of The More Interesting Forms of Chinese Charms Is The Lock.|date=28 November 2012|accessdate=1 May 2018|work= Made-in-China.com (Copyright © 1998-2018 Focus Technology Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.)}}
106. ^{{cite web|url= https://blog.clars.com/longevity-locks-silver-childrens-accessories/|title= Chinese Longevity Locks & Other Children's Accessories - Chinese Longevity Locks - 长命锁.|date=27 October 2017|accessdate=1 May 2018|work= Joyce Kwong (Asian Art Specialist at Clars Auction Gallery)}}
107. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/unraveling-the-ancient-riddles-of-chinese-jewelry/|title= Unraveling the Ancient Riddles of Chinese Jewelry By Ben Marks — October 19th, 2012|date=19 October 2012|accessdate=1 May 2018|work= Ben Marks for Collectors Weekly}}
108. ^Chinese Money Matters [https://chinesemoneymatters.wordpress.com/2017/08/29/li-zijian-and-chinese-charms/ 23. Li Zijian and Chinese charms] by Simon Cartledge. Retrieved: 05 May 2018.
109. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/27/chinese-star-charm/|title= Chinese Star Charm.|date=27 May 2011|accessdate=13 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
110. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/fivepoisons.html|title= The Five Poisons - 五毒 - The Fifth Day of the Fifth Month.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=1 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
111. ^Gotheborg.com Five Poisonous Creatures. Copyright © Jan-Erik Nilsson, Gothenburg, Sweden 1998-2017. Retrieved: 01 May 2018.
112. ^Christie’s [https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/a-rare-and-unusual-white-jade-carving-5347783-details.aspx Lot 1124 - A RARE AND UNUSUAL WHITE JADE CARVING OF THE FIVE POISONOUS CREATURES (19TH CENTURY)]. Sale 2339 - Fine Chinese Ceramics and Works of Art New York 16–17 September 2010. Retrieved: 1 May 2018.
113. ^Unspiral (Feed the addiction.) Kaneki’s Centipede Symbolism. Retrieved: 01 May 2018.
114. ^中華傳統文化節慶教本之五 - Traditional Chinese Festivals Handbook (English version). Dragon Boat Festival. 美國舊金山慧智文教基金會 Wisdom Culture & Education Organization - 傳藝寰宇文教有限公司 Global Culture Awareness Organization. Retrieved: 01 May 2018.
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116. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/28/eight-decalitres-of-talent-charm/|title= "Eight Decalitres of Talent" Charm.|date=28 May 2011|accessdate=13 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
117. ^Chinese Mythology: An Encyclopedia of Myth and Legend by Derek Walters (1995-05-03)
118. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.primalastrology.com/clownfish.html|title= PRIMAL ZODIAC SIGN OF CLOWNFISH. (PrimalAstrology.com)|date=10 December 2017|accessdate=3 May 2018|work=Simon Poindexter (Primalastrology – Find your Primal Zodiac sign!) Copyright © 2012-2017 Royal Mint Publishing, LLC. It is illegal to reprint or repost content from this site without written permission. – PrimalZodiac.}}
119. ^Christie, Anthony (1968). Chinese Mythology. Feltham: Hamlyn Publishing. {{ISBN|0600006379}}.
120. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.primalastrology.com/pufferfish.html|title= PRIMAL ZODIAC SIGN OF PUFFERFISH. (PrimalAstrology.com)|date=10 December 2017|accessdate=3 May 2018|work=Simon Poindexter (Primalastrology – Find your Primal Zodiac sign!) Copyright © 2012-2017 Royal Mint Publishing, LLC. It is illegal to reprint or repost content from this site without written permission. – PrimalZodiac.}}
121. ^Linda Fang & Jeanne N. Lee - The Ch'i-lin Purse: A Collection of Ancient Chinese Stories (Sunburst Book) {{ISBN|978-0374411893}}
122. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.primalastrology.com/catfish.html|title= PRIMAL ZODIAC SIGN OF CATFISH. (PrimalAstrology.com)|date=10 December 2017|accessdate=3 May 2018|work=Simon Poindexter (Primalastrology – Find your Primal Zodiac sign!) Copyright © 2012-2017 Royal Mint Publishing, LLC. It is illegal to reprint or repost content from this site without written permission. – PrimalZodiac.}}
123. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.thoughtco.com/chinese-character-for-fish-yu-2278332|title= The Significance of Fish in Chinese Language - The Evolution of the Chinese Character and the Cultural Importance of Fish.|date=29 September 2017|accessdate=3 May 2018|work= Qiu Gui Su for ThoughtCo.}}
124. ^Roger T. Ames & Takahiro Nakajima - Zhuangzi and the Happy Fish.
125. ^Rob Shone - Chinese Myths (Graphic Mythology) by Rob Shone (2006-01-01)
126. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/fish.html|title= Fish Charms - 魚形飾仵 - The Fish Symbol in Traditional Chinese Culture.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=3 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
127. ^Eberhard, Wolfram (2003 [1986 (German version 1983)]), A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought. London, New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-00228-1}}
128. ^Yang, Lihui, et al. (2005). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-533263-6}}
129. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Loewe|title=Ways to paradise: the Chinese quest for immortality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLw0AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=5 May 2018|date=31 December 1994|publisher=SMC Pub.|isbn=978-957-638-183-6|page=95}}
130. ^{{cite book|author=Patricia Bjaaland Welch|title=Chinese art: a guide to motifs and visual imagery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sgO9BuZQSEC&pg=PA159|accessdate=5 May 2018|year=2008|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-0-8048-3864-1|page=159|quote=[Shouxing] commonly holds a giant peach of immortality in his right hand and a walking stick with attached gourd (holding special life-giving elixir) in his left.}}
131. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/peach.html|title= Chinese Peach Charms - 桃形 - Introduction to Peach Charms.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=5 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
132. ^"Peach." Symbols.com. [https://www.symbols.com/symbol/peach Peaches hold an exalted status in Chinese culture, where they are strongly associated with the heavens and with eternal life] by Jesse Brauner. STANDS4 LLC, 2018. Web. Retrieved: 05 May 2018.
133. ^Goodlucksymbols.com [https://goodlucksymbols.com/peach/ Peach – Symbolism]. Retrieved: 05 May 2018.
134. ^Charms Taiping Solek den rawat. Retrieved: 06 May 2018. (in Indonesian)
135. ^Ancient chinese peace coins and charms, images and history of ancient chinese coins and charms displaying peace (tai ping). Retrieved: 06 May 2018.
136. ^Springer Link [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-981-10-1793-3_9 Lucky Charms from the Ming and the Qing Dynasties] by Jian Hui. First Online: 10 December 2016. Retrieved: 06 May 2018.
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138. ^Charm.ru Tai Ping Tong Bao charm by Vladimir Belyaev. Retrieved: 06 May 2018.
139. ^Amulette de Chine et du Vietnam by François Thierry, Paris 1987 (in French)
140. ^Dreamicus – Discover the meaning of your dreams The meaning of the dream symbol: Peace. Retrieved: 06 May 2018.
141. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/11/18/qing-dynasty-peace-charm/|title= Qing Dynasty Peace Charm.|date=18 November 2012|accessdate=14 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
142. ^Ma Ding Xiang - Tai Ping Tian Guo Quan Bi (T'ai-p'ing coins & charms), 1994 – 2nd Edition. (in Mandarin Chinese)
143. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2012/05/22/tiger-hour-charm/|title= Tiger Hour Charm.|date=22 May 2012|accessdate=14 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
144. ^Asian Art - Providing for the Afterlife: “Brilliant Artifacts” from Shandong. Banliang coins - Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) - Bronze - Diam. (average) 2.3 cm - Collection of Shandong Provincial Museum (cat. #18A). Retrieved: 15 May 2018.
145. ^{{cite news|url= https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/5648549|title= King's 2,100-Year-Old Mausoleum, Vast Trove Of Artifacts Discovered In China.|date=6 December 2017|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Owen Jarus – LiveScience (for the Huffington Post)}}
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147. ^Ann Paludan - Chinese Tomb Figurines (Images of Asia) - {{ISBN|978-0195858174}}, {{ISBN|0195858174}}.
148. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/03/20/chinese-burial-money/|title= Chinese Burial Money.|date=20 March 2015|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
149. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2716538/2-100-year-old-kings-mausoleum-discovered-China-Tombs-contain-treasures-including-chariots-afterlife.html|title= Chinese king's mausoleum unearthed: 2,100-year-old tomb found filled with 10,000 treasures - including rare coins, chariots and even a jade coffin.|date=5 August 2014|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Sarah Griffiths (for MailOnline)}}
150. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.thoughtco.com/chinese-funeral-traditions-687456|title= Chinese Funeral Traditions.|date=23 April 2018|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Lauren Mack (for ThoughtCo.)}}
151. ^Nations Online Joss Paper. Joss Paper, also known as ghost or spirit money, are sheets of paper that are burned in traditional Chinese deity or ancestor worship ceremonies during special holidays. Joss paper is also burned in traditional Chinese funerals. Retrieved: 15 May 2018.
152. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/05/25/chinese-laid-to-rest-burial-charm/|title= Chinese "Laid to Rest" Burial Charm.|date=25 May 2015|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
153. ^Jibi.net 用于陪葬的铜钱。发布日期: 10-04-07 08:30:21 泉友社区新闻来源:新民晚报作者: Retrieved: 15 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
154. ^997788 入土为安。成交时间： 2015-12-27 09:38:41. Retrieved: 15 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
155. ^[欣赏] 很少见的花钱—入土为安陪葬钱。楼主发表于2015-05-24 14:16:29 只看该作者 Retrieved: 15 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
156. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/05/little-shoe-charms-to-find-love/|title= Little Shoe Charms to Find Love.|date=5 May 2011|accessdate=11 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
157. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/07/17/chinese-football-charm-2/|title= Chinese Football Charm.|date=17 June 2011|accessdate=13 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
158. ^#112 (2011) of “China Numismatics” (中國錢幣).
159. ^Anythinganywhere.com CHINA, coins of the Qing dynasty, 1644-1911 AD. Retrieved: 08 May 2018.
160. ^Cong Hanxiang (從翰香),　Xie Hangsheng (謝杭生) (1992). "Zhiqian (制錢)", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu (中國大百科全書), Zhongguo lishi (中國歷史) (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 3, 1535. (in Mandarin Chinese using Traditional Chinese characters).
161. ^” AN INTRODUCTION TO CHINESE COIN-LIKE CHARMS” by Dr. F. A. Turk of Cornwall, United Kingdom.
162. ^Moore, Ed. - Introduction to the Cash Coins of China, 1996.
163. ^Remmelts, A.A. - Chinesische Käschmünzen. (in German)
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165. ^Kainz, C. Chinesischen Tempelmünzen 72pp, 1895R1974 (in German)
166. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/charmfeatures.html|title= Chinese Coins with Charm Features.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=8 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
167. ^Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery Cast Chinese Coins – The Ch’ing Dynasty - Section: Emperor SHENG TSU AD 1662-1722. reign title: K'ANG-HSI, AD 1662-1722. Retrieved: 08 May 2018. Copyright © 1997 - 2015 - R & T Enterprises Ltd.
168. ^Docplayer.net An introduction and identification guide to Chinese Qing-dynasty coins. Retrieved: 08 May 2018.
169. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/marriage.html |title= Chinese Marriage Charms - 夫婦和合花錢 - Background and History .|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=8 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
170. ^Lockhart, J.H.S. Currency of the Farther East, V1: (Glover Collection, text) & V2: (illustrations) 223pp, 1895
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173. ^Mandel, Edgar J. Chinese Charms and Amulets Phase II Plates 270p, 8Z\\x x11”, 1975?R1995
174. ^I Ching Meditations Are these I Ching Kama Sutra coins? Yesterday I received in the mail a gift from a friend in Berkeley California of what looks like a Chinese Kama Sutra coin. Retrieved: 09 May 2018.
175. ^{{cite web|url= http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992-11-02/news/9204090466_1_coin-emperors-tokens|title= Q I have a Chinese coin with four figures in different sex acts on one side, and on the other side is Chinese writing or symbols. I've had this coin for more than 50 years. It is almost one-fourth inch thick and it appears to be bronze. Can you tell me something about it? |date=2 November 1992|accessdate=9 May 2018 |author=June M. Reinisch, Ph.D. |work= United Feature Syndicate Inc. (for the Chicago Tribune). }}
176. ^{{cite web|url= http://shuangxingfu.blogspot.nl/2009/06/ancient-chinese-marriage-coins.html?m=1|title= ANCIENT CHINESE MARRIAGE COINS.|date=9 June 2009|accessdate=9 May 2018|work=By Miss Cheah (Xing Fu - 幸福). “I am just an ordinary Malaysian teacher who loves blogging and taking photographs.”}}
177. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/06/song-of-unending-sorrow-charm/ |title= "Song of Unending Sorrow" Charm.|date=6 May 2011|accessdate=13 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
178. ^Petit, Karl Amuletes & Talismans Monetiformes D'Extreme Orient. 88p, 1976. (in French)
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180. ^Anderson Galleries Inc. - A Collection of Old Chinese Jewelry and Objects of Art: Beautiful Necklaces, Pendants, Bracelets, &C. In Jade, Agate, Rose-Quartz, Amber, Turquoise, ... in Crystal, Ivory and Jade (Classic Reprint).
181. ^Anderson Galleries - Chinese Antiques, Fine Porcelains, Rare Carvings in Ivory, Jade, Agate, Rock Crystal, Lapis Lazuli and Amber, Necklaces, Pendants, Ornaments in Carved Hangings, Rugs; Carved Chinese Har.
182. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/loopcharms.html|title= Chinese Pendant Charms - 挂牌.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=9 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
183. ^Petit, Karl Talismans Monetiformes de Chine et du Japon. 184p, 1981 (in French)
184. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/09/18/chinese-world-of-brightness-coin/|title= Chinese "World of Brightness" Coin.|date=18 September 2011|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
185. ^The World of Chinese - Su Hui: The Palindrome Poet - Su Hui wrote unmatched poetry that can be read any way the reader desires. Published: 04·03·2013. Author: Matthew Dubois. Retrieved: 16 May 2018.
186. ^Poetry China (Ocean of Poetry) Su Hui’s Star Gauge by David Hinton. Published: February 2012. Retrieved: 16 May 2018.
187. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/09/20/chinese-palindrome-charm/|title= Chinese Palindrome Charm.|date=20 September 2011|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
188. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/10/24/cassia-and-orchid-charm/|title= "Cassia and Orchid" Charm.|date=24 October 2011|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
189. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.dfsc.com.cn/2011/1020/49437.html|title= 精美白铜吉语花钱赏析 - 2011-10-20 14:06:57 作者：安徽望江宋康年来源：收藏快报浏览次数：483 网友评论 0 条。|date=20 October 2011|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= “The Oriental Collection” (dongfang shoucang, 东方收藏)|language=zh}}
190. ^Robertsjamesreese.com [https://robertjamesreese.com/essays/filial-piety-in-chinese-religion Filial Piety in Chinese Religion] by Robert James Reese, 2003. Retrieved: 09 May 2018.
191. ^Schjöth, Frederick - Chinese Currency: The Currency of the Far East.
192. ^Yu Liuliang et al. Zhongguo Huaqian (Chinese Amulet Coins) 509p, 1992. (in Mandarin Chinese)
193. ^Bartleby - Home Page - Free Essays - Confucianism and Filial Piety in Chinese Culture Essay examples – [https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Confucianism-and-Filial-Piety-in-Chinese-Culture-P3JUZE43TC Confucianism and Filial Piety in Chinese Culture Essay examples]. 2916 Words Mar 24th, 2011 12 Pages by Duc Hoang & Professor Sandra Lee (IQS 125). Retrieved: 09 May 2018.
194. ^philosophy.lander.edu (Philosophy 312: Oriental Philosophy. – Main Concepts of Confucianism. Abstract: The main concepts of Confucianism are discussed. Retrieved: 09 May 2018.
195. ^Classroom.Synonym.com - Home » Classroom. [https://classroom.synonym.com/major-beliefs-symbols-confucianism-3070.html Major Beliefs & Symbols of Confucianism] By Ricky Andromeda. Retrieved: 09 May 2018.
196. ^Language Log – "Double Happiness": symbol of Confucianism as a religion. June 8, 2015 @ 6:45 pm · Filed by Victor Mair under Language and culture, Language and religion. Retrieved: 09 May 2018.
197. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/confucian.html#jing_xiong_ai_di|title= Confucian Charms - Introduction to Confucius and Confucianism.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=9 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
198. ^The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/ Confucius]. - First published Wed Jul 3, 2002; substantive revision Sat Mar 23, 2013. Retrieved: 09 May 2018 (Wednesday).
199. ^ReligionFacts - Just the facts on religion. Symbols of Confucianism. Published: March 18, 2014. Last Updated: February 1, 2017. Retrieved: 09 May 2018.
200. ^Britannica.com [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confucianism Confucianism]. Written By: Tu Weiming. Retrieved: 09 May 2018.
201. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/silkworm.html |title= Men Plow, Women Weave - 男耕女織 - Charms related to Rice and Silkworm Production.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=9 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
202. ^Zhengjian 男耕女织笑梅【正见网2004年01月16日】Retrieved: 09 May 2018.
203. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.pureinsight.org/node/2152 |title= The Men Plow and the Women Weave - Xiao Mei - PureInsight on April 5, 2004.|date=5 April 2004|accessdate=9 May 2018|work=PureInsight }}
204. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/moneytree.html|title= Chinese Money Trees. - 搖錢樹。|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=10 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
205. ^Chinaflowers.net [https://chinaflowers.net/blog/chinese-money-tree.html#com-head What is Chinese Money Tree]. - Sep 7th, 2011 @ 03:53 pm › flowers - [https://chinaflowers.net/blog/chinese-money-tree.html#com-head ↓ Skip to comments]. Some Interesting Information About the Chinese Money Tree. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.
206. ^Asian Art Money Tree, probably 100–200. China; probably Sichuan province. Eastern Han dynasty (25–220). Bronze with glazed earthenware base. Gift of the Connoisseur’s Council, 1995.79. English - 00:00 - 01:59 - Resource Type: Artwork Region: China - Topic: Art Conservation, Looking at Art, Beliefs - Grade Level: Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), College and Beyond – Academic - Subject: Visual/Performing Arts, World Languages, Art History. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.
207. ^wiseGEEK: What is a Money Tree Plant? Retrieved: 10 May 2018.
208. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dia.org/exhibitions/tao/resource_art/pdf/china_money_tree.pdf|title=Money Tree|publisher=Dia.org|accessdate=2013-08-11|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222015246/http://www.dia.org/exhibitions/tao/resource_art/pdf/china_money_tree.pdf|archivedate=2012-02-22|df=}}
209. ^Sportstune.com - Magic Spell combined with Eight Trigram - Section 6.1: Round shape by John Ferguson. Retrieved: 26 July 2018.
210. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/daoist.html|title= Daoist (Taoist) Charms - 道教品壓生錢 - Introduction and History of Daoist Charms.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=10 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
211. ^South China Morning Post – Hong Kong’s Taoist funerals: the superstition, symbolism and how to stop your soul being dragged into the coffin. From swordplay to sweet treats, few Chinese funeral traditions are as involved as a Taoist ceremony. We find out how to ward off evil entities and guarantee a peaceful afterlife for the deceased by Heidi Ng. UPDATED : Wednesday, 19 Jul 2017, 7:25PM. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.
212. ^TAOISTSECRET.COM Taoist Talismans. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.
213. ^Anything Anywhere - CHINA, amulets. Chinese culture is permeated, no, based on poetic allusion, hidden meanings, union of opposites, complex currents of energy and intention. In certain contexts these bases can express in rank superstition (present in all human cultures), and in others can lead to scientific advancement. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.
214. ^University of Idaho - Gods and Goddesses of Religious Daoism. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.
215. ^Chinese Mythology - A Blog on Chinese Mythology. Chinese God of Thunder - Lei Gong by Feng Shui Trader. Published: Monday, November 23, 2009. Retrieved: 10 May 2018.
216. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/08/quest-for-longevity-daoist-charm/|title= "Quest for Longevity" Daoist Charm.|date=8 May 2011|accessdate=13 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
217. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/10/07/lu-dongbin-charm/|title= Lu Dongbin Charm.|date=7 October 2016|accessdate=13 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
218. ^孚佑大帝（浮雕） [复制链接] - 晓南风 - 从九品上.中下县主簿 - 147 - 帖子 – 12 - 关注 - 11 - 粉丝 - 电梯直达 - 楼主 - 发表于 2013-11-4 10:41:42 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览信誉 3 / 粟米 728.78 / 恶评 0 / 不满 0 / 帖子 147 / 精华 0 / 在线 670 小时 / 注册 2008-9-28 Retrieved: 13 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
219. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/10/30/laozi-and-zhang-daoling-charm/|title= Laozi and Zhang Daoling Charm.|date=30 October 2011|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
220. ^White, R.B. - Finding List of Chinese Cash - cross-reference to Schjöth, Ding, Coole & others.
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223. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.charm.ru/charms/sung-charms.shtml|title= Chinese charms with Northern Song dynasty legends.|date=3 December 2000|accessdate=12 May 2018|work= by Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru)}}
224. ^'Coins in the collection of the Shanghai Museum. Coins of the Song, Liao, Jin and Western Xia dynasties.', Shanghai, 1994.
225. ^Sportstune.com Section 1.83: "Charms with coin inscriptions: Cheng Te T'ung Pao" by John Ferguson. Retrieved: 12 May 2018.
226. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/coinlegend.html|title= Chinese Charms with Coin Inscriptions – 錢文錢。|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=12 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
227. ^Sportstune.com Section 1.101: "Charms with coin inscriptions: Kuang Hsu T'ung Pao" by John Ferguson. Retrieved: 11 May 2018.
228. ^Fang, Alex Chengyu - Chinese Charms: Art, Religion and Folk Belief (2008)
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232. ^Chen, Hong XiWan Qian Ji (Curio Coin Collection), 1986 (English translation).
233. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2014/11/23/ming-dynasty-cloisonne-charm/|title= Ming Dynasty Cloisonne Charm.|date=23 November 2014|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
234. ^ReligionFacts - Just the facts on religion. Buddhist Conch Shell Symbol. (Sanskrit: shankha; Tibetan: dung dkar) Retrieved: 15 May 2018.
235. ^ReligionFacts - Just the facts on religion. Victory Banner Symbol. Retrieved: 15 May 2018.
236. ^{{cite news|url= https://mobile.nytimes.com/2011/02/18/arts/design/18cloisonne.html|title= When Enamel Wares Adorned China's Imperial Courts|date=17 February 2011|accessdate=15 May 2018|work= Ken Johnson (for The New York Times)|last1= Johnson|first1= Ken}}
237. ^ChinaZeug.de Email-Amulett (Schmuck) in Cloisonnétechnik (Alte and Antike Chinesische amuletten (charms)) by Yi and Ralf Thomann. Retrieved: 07 August 2018. (in German)
238. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/07/14/chinese-charm-with-musicians-dancers-and-acrobat/|title= Chinese Charm with Musicians, Dancers and Acrobats.|date=14 July 2015|accessdate=14 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
239. ^Lu Zhenhai - Zhongguo gudai yasheng qianpu (Catalog of Chinese Charms) About 1800+ pieces by chapter: 1) Coin inscrip, 2) Good luck inscrip, 3) Zodiac, 4) Buddhist, 5) Daoist, 6) Horse, 7) Mythical (folklore) figures, 8) Openworks, 9) Odd shapes, 10) Misc., 11) Han dynasty (grater & lotus root), 12) Erotic. (in Mandarin Chinese)
240. ^Mandel, Edgar - Metal Charms & Amulets of China.
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242. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/12/01/chinese-treasure-bowl-charm/|title= Chinese Treasure Bowl Charm.|date=1 December 2011|accessdate=14 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
243. ^Cribb, Joseph - Magic Coins of Java, Bali and the Malay Peninsula, 1999.
244. ^Global News [https://globalnews.ca/news/187836/archeologist-discovers-chinese-coin-from-1600s-in-yukon-wilderness/ Archeologist discovers Chinese coin from 1600s in Yukon wilderness] By Max Leighton for the Whitehorse Star. Published: 09 December 2011. Retrieved: 12 May 2018.
245. ^Petit, Karl - Essai sur la Numismatique Chinoise, 1974 (in French)
246. ^FORVM ANCIENT COINS (To the glory that was Greece - And the grandeur that was Rome) Home > Members' Coin Collection Galleries > Stkp > CHINA QING DYNASTY: Kangxi (1662-1722). Retrieved: 12 May 2018.
247. ^Casino Mining [https://casinomining.com/_resources/Epoch%20Times_coin_story.pdf 300-Year-Old Chinese Coin Found in North of Canada] By Joan Delaney On October 30, 2011 @ 9:36 pm In North America | No Comments. Retrieved: 12 May 2018.
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250. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/poemcoin.html|title= Chinese Poem Coins - 二十錢局名 - Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=12 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
251. ^Highstrangeness.tv (A visit with a person of high strangeness) 300-Year-Old Chinese Coin Found in Yukon. - Coin from Qing Dynasty found on old First Nations trade route. - This coin found in Yukon on the historic Dyea to Fort Selkirk trade route was minted between 1667 and 1671 during China’s Qing Dynasty. (James Mooney/Ecofor Consulting Ltd). Retrieved: 12 May 2018.
252. ^Sportstune.com Kang Hsi Poem by John Ferguson. Retrieved: 12 May 2018.
253. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/09/03/chinese-buddhist-charm-with-sanskrit-characters/|title= Chinese Buddhist Charm with Sanskrit Characters.|date=3 September 2011|accessdate=12 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
254. ^北京翰海拍卖有限公司 Sanskrit charm. (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters)
255. ^{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/buddhist.html|title= Buddhist Charms - 佛教品壓勝錢 - Buddhism in China.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=12 May 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}
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438. ^Bonhams Lot 29 - A rare blue and white 'three abundances' garlic-mouth vase - Qianlong seal mark and of the period - Sold for HK$ 3,760,000 (€ 411,437) inc. premium - Fine Chinese Ceramics and Works of Art - 4 Jun 2015, 10:30 HKT. Retrieved: 14 July 2018.
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486. ^Ghoteborg.com The Hundred Antiques (Hundred Treasures) by Jan-Brik Nilsson. Retrieved: 11 July 2018.
487. ^China Sage Colors in Chinese art 色 sè § Red 红 hóng. Quote: “In ancient days the character 色 sè was also used as a word for conjugal sex as in Confucius's dictum ‘Eating and sex are given by nature’.” and “Red is the color of joy and celebration and is the lucky color.” Retrieved: 10 July 2018.
488. ^《舊唐書‧張九齡傳》記載︰"故事︰皆搢笏於帶，而後乘馬，九齡體羸，常使人持之，因設笏囊。" (in Mandarin Chinese).
489. ^《云仙杂记·笏囊笏架》：" 会昌以来，宰相朝则有笏架，入禁中，逐门传送至殿前，朝罢则置于架上。百寮则各有笏囊，亲吏持之。 (in Mandarin Chinese).
490. ^《正字通》上載︰"明制，笏，四品以上用象牙，五品以下用木。" (in Mandarin Chinese).
491. ^China Sage Bird symbolism in Chinese art 鸟 niǎo § Cockerel 公鸡 gōng jī. Retrieved: 10 July 2018.
492. ^{{cite web|url= http://library.acropolis.org/the-symbolism-of-the-rooster/|title= The Symbolism of the Rooster.|date=22 September 2014|accessdate=10 July 2018|work= Posted by India North. Article By M.A. Carrillo de Albornoz & M.A. Fernández (New Acropolis – International Organization).|language=en}}
493. ^Laufer, Berthold. 1974. Jade. A study in Chinese Archaeology and Religion. Dover Publs., New York. (First publ. in 1912 as Fieldiana: Anthropology, v. 10.) XIV + 370 pp. + 68 pls.
494. ^CITS Ruyi, According to Your Wishes. Retrieved: 09 July 2018.
495. ^{{zh icon}} 福禄寿星 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060722200050/http://www.gb.taoism.org.hk/taoist-immortal/pg3-6-2.htm |date=2006-07-22 }}. British Taoist Association.
496. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.thoughtco.com/chinese-good-luck-symbols-4072924|title= 10 Chinese Good Luck Symbols.|date=27 December 2017|accessdate=8 July 2018|work= Charles Custer (ThoughtCo.)|language=en}}
497. ^China Sage - Animal symbolism in Chinese art 兽 shòu § Sheep 羊 yáng. Retrieved: 08 July 2018.
498. ^Free Astrology 123 (Where Astrology Meets Mind Body & Soul) – Chinese Lucky Number 6 - All about Chinese Lucky Number 6. Retrieved: 08 July 2018.
499. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.thechinesezodiac.org/astrology/lucky-and-unlucky-chinese-numbers/ |title= Lucky and Unlucky Chinese Numbers.|date=27 December 2017|accessdate=8 July 2018|work= Chinesezodiac.org – Discover the secrets hidden in the Chinese Zodiac.|language=en}}
500. ^Travel China Guide - [https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/lucky-number6.htm Lucky Number 6] § No. 6 in Chinese Culture. Retrieved: 08 July 2018.
501. ^{{cite web|url= http://blog.tutorming.com/expats/lucky-and-unlucky-chinese-numbers|title=Lucky and Unlucky Chinese Numbers § 6 (六, LIÙ) – LUCKY.|date=8 October 2015|accessdate=8 July 2018|work= Judith Syau (TutorMing Ching Expats & Culture Blog)|language=en}}
502. ^Travel China Guide [https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/social_customs/zodiac/snake.htm Year of the Snake]. Retrieved: 08 July 2018.
503. ^{{cite web|url= http://padevoe.com/?tag=five-noxious-animals|title= Things Chinese - Scorpion, xiēzi, xie zi (蠍子), one of the 5 poisons (wŭdú, wuu dur 五毒).|date=5 January 2014|accessdate=8 July 2018|work=P. A De Voe |language=en}}
504. ^China Sage Animal symbolism in Chinese art 兽 shòu § Spider 蜘蛛 zhī zhū. Retrieved: 08 July 2018.
505. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/symbolic-spider-wove-its-way-through-history-002215|title= The symbolic spider that wove its way through history.|date=17 October 2014|accessdate=8 July 2018|work= Lizeafloor (Ancient Origins – Reconstructing the story of humanity’s past)|language=en}}
506. ^China Sage Bird symbolism in Chinese art 鸟 niǎo § Swallow 燕子 yàn zi. Retrieved: 07 July 2018.
507. ^| INKSPIRATION | Following the Black line. All things inky for death heads & leather lovers. – [https://puncturedartefact.wordpress.com/2013/08/12/symbol-no-11-swallow-tattoo-symbolism-and-meaning/ SYMBOLISM. Swallow]. Published: 12 September 2013. Retrieved: 07 July 2018.
508. ^Light of Asia (Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian Art the Villa Del Prado Collection) - Buddhas-Online The Swastika in Asian Art. Quote: “Although the Swastika is often synonymous with the Nazi movement of the 20th century (actually a reverse swastika), it was widely used in ancient times as a symbol of prosperity and good fortune. It originally represented the revolving sun, fire, or life. One of the oldest known Swastikas was painted on a paleolithic cave at least 10,000 years ago.” Retrieved: 07 July 2018.
509. ^Japanese Buddhism [https://www.japanese-buddhism.com/swastika.html The Swastika in Japan]. Retrieved: 07 July 2018.
510. ^{{cite web|url= http://koreantemples.com/?p=126|title= Yin and Yang: The Supreme Ultimate|date=29 February 2012|accessdate=3 July 2018|work= Dale’s Korean Temple Adventures.|language=en}}
511. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.ancient-origins.net/history/legendary-symbol-born-chaos-philosophy-yin-and-yang-009081|title= A Legendary Symbol Born from Chaos: The Philosophy of Yin and Yang.|date=4 November 2017|accessdate=3 July 2018|work= Kerry Sulivan (Ancient-Origins.net).|language=en}}
512. ^Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art (University of Oregon) [https://jsma.uoregon.edu/exhibitions/ten-symbols-longevity-and-late-joseon-korean-culture Ten Symbols of Longevity and Late Joseon Korean Culture]. On exhibition from April 01, 2014 to June 28, 2015. Retrieved: 04 July 2018.
513. ^Stanford Libraries [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6564053 The ten symbols of longevity : shipjangsaengdo : an important Korean folding screen in the collection of the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art at the University of Oregon]. Retrieved: 04 July 2018.
514. ^The Ten Symbols of Longevity (Collection in Context) by Richard Gherke. Publication date: August 25, 2006. {{ISBN|0295986573}}. {{ISBN|978-0295986579}}.
515. ^{{cite web|url= http://blogs.brown.edu/hiaa-1040h-s01/2012/01/20/the-three-abundances/|title= The Three Abundances.|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=4 July 2018|work= Amy Huang (Shape of Good Fortune - A student curated exhibition on Chinese auspicious images).|language=en}}
516. ^{{cite web|url= http://m.bonhams.com/auctions/23237/lot/52/|title= rare Ming-style blue and white 'three abundances' soft-paste vase, meiping.|date=12 May 2016|accessdate=4 July 2018|website= |language=en}}
517. ^{{cite web|title=Three Friends of Winter|url=http://www.colby.edu/art/InkTales/Bowdoin%20Exhibition%20Pages/BEThreeFriendsWinter.html|publisher=Colby College|accessdate=10 August 2011}}
518. ^{{cite web|title=Cultivating Virtue: Botanical Motifs and Symbols in East Asian Art|url=http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/exhibitions/past/detail.dot?id=19111|publisher=Harvard Art Museums|accessdate=11 August 2011}}
519. ^{{cite book|last=Dusenbury|first=Mary|title=Flowers, dragons and pine trees: Asian textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art|year=2004|publisher=Hudson Hills Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-55595-238-9|page=248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=566AlluiHT0C|edition=Bier, Carol; Foresman, Helen}}
520. ^Patricia Bjaaland Welch, Chinese Art : A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery (North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Pub., 2008), 49.
521. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.artisoo.com/blog/chinese-tiger-in-painting-and-its-symbolic-meaning/|title= Chinese Tiger in Painting and Its Symbolic Meaning.|date=13 March 2013|accessdate=3 July 2018|work= CNArtGallery at the Chinese Paintings Blog (Artisoo Paintings – Bring Chinese culture to the world).|language=en}}
522. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.tigers.org.za/tigers-in-culture-and-folklore.html|title= Tigers In Culture And Folklore.|date=2013|accessdate=3 July 2018|work= Amelia Meyer (Tigers – The most majestic cats in the world).|language=en}}
523. ^Baidu Baike [https://wapbaike.baidu.com/item/%E8%81%9A%E5%AE%9D%E7%9B%86/45229 聚宝盆 (jù bǎo pén) 中国民间传说中宝物]. Retrieved: 03 July 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese)
524. ^Nations Online Twelve Symbols of Sovereignty - The Twelve Symbols of Sovereignty (十二章紋) representing Chinese imperial authority appeared on the five-clawed dragon robes (Traditional Chinese: 龍袍 Chinese: 龙袍 lóng páo) of the emperor since the Western Zhou Dynasty (1050-771 B.C.). Navigation: Home - Earth - Continents - Asia - Thailand / China - Chinese New Year Photos - Chinese Customs and Traditions Glossary - Symbols of Sovereignty. Retrieved: 27 June 2018.
525. ^Asianart.com [https://asianart.com/articles/rebuses/index.html Hidden Meanings: Symbolism in Chinese Art] by Gary Gach. Published: November 29, 2006. The exhibition Hidden Meanings: Symbolism in Chinese Art runs until Dec. 31 at the Asian Art Museum, San Francisco. It will be featured in the Exhibitions section of Asianart.com soon. Retrieved: 03 July 2018.
526. ^Government of Australia Imperial robe - CHINESE Portrait of an official Ming dynasty 1368–1644 China pigments and ink on silk 136.0 x 91.5 cm Felton Bequest, 1946 (1028-D4). Retrieved: 03 July 2018.
527. ^Government of Australia Imperial robe see DVD for additional material - 吉服 jifu Emperor’s semi- formal court robe - 蝠 fu bat - 福 fu happiness. Retrieved: 03 July 2018.
528. ^Travel China Guide [https://www.travelchinaguide.com/essential/holidays/qingming.htm Qingming Festival (Tomb-sweeping Day)]. Retrieved: 03 July 2018.
529. ^China Sage Willow 柳 liǔ (Flower and Fruit symbolism in Chinese art 花朵 huā duǒ). Retrieved: 03 July 2018.
530. ^Academia.edu [https://www.academia.edu/12403723/Ming_Imperial_Patronage_of_the_Wudang_Mountains_and_the_Daoist_God_Zhenwu Ming Imperial Patronage of the Wudang Mountains and the Daoist God Zhenwu]. Uploaded by Noelle Giuffrida. Retrieved: 01 July 2018.
531. ^Artxun 琴瑟友之. Retrieved: 01 July 2018.