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词条 Chiropractic treatment techniques
释义

  1. Techniques

      Manual and manipulative therapy   Diversified technique  Atlas orthogonal technique  Extremity manipulating/adjusting  Activator methods   Graston technique   Koren Specific Technique  Cox Flexion/Distraction   Gonstead technique   Thompson technique  Torque release technique   Trigenics Technique  

  2. Effectiveness

      Neuromusculoskeletal disorders    Non-musculoskeletal disorders    Cost-effectiveness  

  3. Safety

  4. References

{{short description|Chiropractic treatment techniques}}{{Alternative medical systems|fringe}}Chiropractors primarily use manipulation of the spine as a treatment. It was founded in North America by DD Palmer in the 19th century.[1]

Spinal manipulation became more popular in the 1980s.[2] There are about 200 chiropractic techniques, but there is a significant amount of overlap between them, and many techniques involve slight changes of other techniques.[1]

According to the American Chiropractic Association the most frequently used techniques by chiropractors are Diversified technique 95.9%, Extremity manipulating/adjusting 95.5%, Activator Methods 62.8%, Gonstead technique 58.5%, Cox Flexion/Distraction 58.0%, Thompson 55.9%, Sacro Occipital Technique [SOT] 41.3%, Applied Kinesiology 43.2%, NIMMO/Receptor Tonus 40.0%, Cranial 37.3%, Manipulative/Adjustive Instruments 34.5%, Palmer upper cervical [HIO] 28.8%, Logan Basic 28.7%, Meric 19.9%, and Pierce-Stillwagon 17.1%.[2]

There is no evidence that chiropractic manipulation is effective for any medical condition, with the possible exception of treatment for lower back pain.[5] The safety of manipulation, particularly on the cervical spine has been debated.[6] Adverse results, including strokes and deaths, are rare.[7][8]

Techniques

Manual and manipulative therapy

{{Main|Spinal adjustment|Spinal manipulation}}

In the late 19th century in North America, therapies including osteopathy and chiropractic became popular.[3] Spinal manipulation gained mainstream recognition during the 1980s.[4]

In this system, hands are used to manipulate, massage or otherwise influence the spine and related tissues.[5] It is the most common and primary intervention used in chiropractic care.[6]

Diversified technique

Diversified technique is a non-proprietary and eclectic approach to spinal manipulation that is commonly used by chiropractors.[7] The technique, as it is applied today, is largely attributed to the work of Joe Janse[7][8] Diversified is the most common spine manipulation technique used by chiropractors, with approximately 96% of chiropractors using it for approximately 70% of their patients.[9][10] Diversified is also the technique most preferred for use during future practice by chiropractic students.[11] Diversified is the only spine manipulation technique taught in Canadian chiropractic programs.[12] Like many chiropractic and osteopathic manipulative techniques, Diversified is characterized by a high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust.[7] It is considered the most generic chiropractic manipulative technique and is differentiated from other techniques in that its objective is to restore proper movement and alignment of spine and joint dysfunction.[7]

Atlas orthogonal technique

Atlas Orthogonal Technique is an upper cervical chiropractic treatment technique created by Frederick M. Vogel and Roy W. Sweat in 1979. It is a technique which uses a percussion instrument in attempts to adjust what is measured from specific X-rays and found to be a vertebral subluxation. It is based on the teachings of B. J. Palmer, who advocated the Hole-In-One version of spinal adjustment. It is primarily used by straight chiropractors. Referring to the origins of upper cervical techniques, Dan Murphy, DC, DABCO, wrote: "Over the past 100 years, the practice of chiropractic has branched into dozens of specialty techniques. However, historically, for a third of this time, from the 1930s into the 1960s, the predominant practice of chiropractic involved primarily the upper cervical spine."[13]

Extremity manipulating/adjusting

{{expand section|date=May 2017}}

Activator methods

{{main|Activator technique}}

The Activator Method Chiropractic Technique (AMCT) is a chiropractic treatment method and device created by Arlan Fuhr as an alternative to manual manipulation of the spine or extremity joints. The device is categorized as a mechanical force manual assisted (MFMA) instrument which is generally regarded as a softer chiropractic treatment technique.

The activator is a small handheld spring-loaded instrument which delivers a small impulse to the spine. It was found to give off no more than 0.3 J of kinetic energy in a 3-millisecond pulse. The aim is to produce enough force to move the vertebrae but not enough to cause injury.[14]

The AMCT involves having the patient lie in a prone position and comparing the functional leg lengths. Often one leg will seem to be shorter than the other. The chiropractor then carries out a series of muscle tests such as having the patient move their arms in a certain position in order to activate the muscles attached to specific vertebrae. If the leg lengths are not the same, that is taken as a sign that the problem is located at that vertebra. The chiropractor treats problems found in this way moving progressively along the spine in the direction from the feet towards the head.[14]

Although prone "functional leg length" is a widely used chiropractic tool, it is not a recognized anthropometric technique, since legs are often of unequal length, and measurements in the prone position are not entirely valid estimates of standing X-ray differences.[15] Measurements in the standing position are far more reliable.[16] Another confounding factor is that simply moving the two legs held together and leaning them imperceptibly to one side or the other produces different results.[17] Fuhr claims that properly trained doctors show good interexaminer reliability.[14]

In 2003, the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners found that 69.9% of chiropractors used the technique, and 23.9% of patients received it.[18] The majority of U.S. chiropractic schools and some schools in other countries teach the AMCT method, and an estimated 45,000 chiropractors worldwide use AMCT or some part of the technique.[14]

There have been a number of studies of AMCT, including case reports, clinical studies and controlled trials, but there are still unanswered questions. A few low-quality studies have suggested that the activator may be as effective as manual adjustment in treatment of back pain.[14] A single high-quality study has suggested that activator-assisted manipulation directed by leg-length testing was significantly inferior to manual spinal manipulation guided by palpation and was more similar to the use of paracetamol for the treatment of low back pain.[19]

Graston technique

Graston Technique (GT) is a trademarked therapeutic method for diagnosing and treating disorders of the skeletal muscles and related connective tissue. The method was started by David Graston and employs a collection of six stainless steel instruments of particular shape and size, which are used by practitioners to rub [20] patients' muscles in order to detect and resolve adhesions in the muscles and tendons.[21] Practitioners must be licensed by the parent corporation (Graston Technique, LLC.) in order to use the Graston Technique trademark or the patented instruments.[22]

Several examples of Graston treatment have been used in contact sports where scars and contusions are common.[23] However, the Graston Technique has not been rigorously scientifically tested and its evidence basis and assumptions are considered questionable at best. There are no high quality clinical trials that validate the efficacy of the Graston Techniques.[24]

Koren Specific Technique

Koren specific technique (KST) is a technique developed by Tedd Koren around 2004.[25][26] While the technique is associated with chiropractic techniques, Koren has variously described it as an "analysis protocol" or "healthcare protocol".[26] KST may use their hands, or they may use an electric device known as an "ArthroStim" for assessment and adjustments.[41] KST can use different postures.[25] The insurers Aetna,[27] NHS Leeds West CCG,[28] North Dakota Department of Human Services,[29] and The Ohio State University[30] cover other chiropractic techniques but exclude KST from coverage because they consider it to be "experimental and investigational."[27][28][29][30] Aetna's policy states there is a lack of efficacy regarding this method.[27]

Cox Flexion/Distraction

{{expand section|date=February 2019}}

Gonstead technique

The Gonstead technique is chiropractic method that had been developed by Clarence Gonstead since 1923.[31] The technique focuses on hands-on adjustment and is claimed to expand "standard diversified technique" by implementing additional instrumentation including X-rays, Gonstead Radiographic Parallel, a measuring device, and the development of Nervo-Scope,[32] a device said to detect the level of neurophysiologic activity due to the existence of vertebral subluxation based on changes in skin temperature.[33] Heat detector devices are unreliable and lack scientific evidence.[33] The technique gained popularity in the 1960s.[34] About 28.9% of patients have been treated with the Gonstead technique.[35]

Thompson technique

{{expand section|date=February 2019}}

Torque release technique

{{expand section|date=February 2019}}

Trigenics Technique

{{main|Trigenics}}Trigenics is a neurological-based manual or instrument-assisted assessment and treatment system[36] developed and patented by Allan Oolo Austin,[37] The technique is relatively infrequently used by chiropractors compared to other chiropractic techniques such as Diversified, Trigger point therapy and Activator.[38]

Effectiveness

{{See also|Chiropractic controversy and criticism}}

Neuromusculoskeletal disorders

Treatment is usually for neck or low back pain and related disorders.[39]

For acute low back pain, low quality evidence has suggested no difference between real and sham spine manipulation,[40] and moderate quality evidence has suggested no difference between spine manipulation and other commonly used treatments, such as medication and physical therapy.[40][41][42]

National guidelines vary; some recommend the therapy for those who do not improve with other treatment.[43] It may be effective for lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy,[44][45] as effective as mobilization for neck pain,[46] some forms of headache,[47][48][49] and some extremity joint conditions.[50][51] A 2011 Cochrane review found strong evidence that suggests there is no clinically meaningful difference between spinal manipulation therapy and other treatments for reducing pain and improving function for chronic low back pain.[52] A 2008 review found that with the possible exception of lower back pain, chiropractic manipulation has not been shown to be effective for any medical condition.[53][54]

Non-musculoskeletal disorders

The use of spinal manipulation for non-musculoskeletal is controversial. It has not been shown to be effective for asthma, headache, hypertension, or dysmenorrhea.[42] There is no scientific data that supports the use of SMT for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis.[55][56]

Cost-effectiveness

Spinal manipulation is generally regarded as cost-effective treatment of musculoskeletal conditions when used alone or in combination with other treatment approaches.[57] Evidence supports the cost-effectiveness of using spinal manipulation for the treatment of sub-acute or chronic low back pain whereas the results for acute low back pain were inconsistent.[58]

Safety

All treatments need a thorough medical history, diagnosis and plan of management. Chiropractors, must rule out contraindications to any treatments, including adverse events {{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

Relative contraindications, such as osteoporosis are conditions where increased risk is acceptable in some situations and where mobilization and soft-tissue techniques may be treatments of choice. Most contraindications apply to the manipulation of the affected region.[59]

While safety has been debated,[60] and serious injuries and deaths can occur and may be under-reported,[61] these are generally rare and spinal manipulation is relatively safe[40] when employed skillfully and appropriately.[62]

Adverse events are believed to be under-reported [63] and appear to be more common following high velocity/ low amplitude manipulation than mobilization.[64]

Mild, frequent and temporary adverse events occur in SMT which include temporary increase in pain, tenderness and stiffness.[60] These effects generally are reduced within 24–48 hours [65] Serious injuries and fatal consequences, especially to SM in the upper cervical region, can occur.[66] but are regarded as rare when spinal manipulation is employed skillfully and appropriately.[59]

Weak to moderately strong evidence supports causation (as opposed to statistical association) between cervical manipulative therapy and vertebrobasilar artery stroke.[67] A 2012 review found that there is not enough evidence to support a strong association or no association between cervical manipulation and stroke.[68] A 2008 review found chiropractic are more commonly associated with serious related adverse effects than other professionals following manipulation and concluded that the risk of death from manipulations to the neck outweighs the benefits.[61]

References

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51. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Pribicevic | first1 = M. | last2 = Pollard | first2 = H. | last3 = Bonello | first3 = R. | last4 = De Luca | first4 = K. | title = A Systematic Review of Manipulative Therapy for the Treatment of Shoulder Pain | journal = Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics | volume = 33 | issue = 9 | pages = 679–689 | year = 2010 | pmid = 21109059 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.08.019}}
52. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW | title = Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain: an update of a Cochrane review | journal = Spine | volume = 36 | issue = 13 | pages = E825–46 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21593658 | doi = 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182197fe1 | type = Systematic review }}
53. ^1 {{cite journal | author = Ernst E | title = Chiropractic: a critical evaluation | journal = J Pain Symptom Manage | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 544–62 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18280103 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.07.004 }}
54. ^{{cite book|pages=145–90|chapter=The truth about chiropractic therapy|title=Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine|vauthors=Singh S, Ernst E |year=2008|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-06661-6 }}
55. ^{{cite journal|journal=Spine|year=2007|volume=32|issue= 19 Suppl|pages=S130–4|title= A systematic literature review of nonsurgical treatment in adult scoliosis|vauthors=Everett CR, Patel RK |doi=10.1097/BRS.0b013e318134ea88|pmid=17728680}}
56. ^{{cite journal|journal=Scoliosis|year=2008|volume=3|page=2|title= Manual therapy as a conservative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review|vauthors=Romano M, Negrini S |doi=10.1186/1748-7161-3-2|pmid=18211702|pmc=2262872|issue=1}}
57. ^{{cite journal|journal = J Electromyogr Kinesiol|year = 2012|volume = 22|issue = 5|pages = 655–662|title = Spinal manipulation epidemiology: Systematic review of cost effectiveness studies|vauthors = Michaleff ZA, Lin CW, Maher CG, van Tulder MW|doi = 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.02.011|pmid = 22429823|pmc = }}
58. ^{{cite journal|journal= European Spine Journal|year=2011|volume=20|issue=7|pages=1024–1038|title=Cost-effectiveness of guideline-endorsed treatments for low back pain: a systematic review|vauthors= Lin CW, Haas M, Maher CG, Machado LA, van Tulder MW|doi=10.1007/s00586-010-1676-3|pmid=21229367|pmc= 3176706 }}
59. ^1 {{cite journal|journal = J Can Chiropr Assoc|year = 2005|volume = 49|issue = 3|pages = 158–209|title = Chiropractic clinical practice guideline: evidence-based treatment of adult neck pain not due to whiplash|vauthors = Anderson-Peacock E, Blouin JS, Bryans R|url = http://jcca-online.org/ecms.ashx/PDF/2005/2005-3/Chiropracticclinicalpracticeguideline-evidence-basedtreatmentofadultneckpainnotduetowhiplash.pdf|pmid = 17549134|pmc = 1839918|display-authors = etal}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} and {{cite journal|journal = J Can Chiropr Assoc|year = 2008|volume = 52|issue = 1|pages = 7–8|title = A Clinical Practice Guideline Update from The CCA•CFCREAB-CPG|vauthors = Anderson-Peacock E, Bryans B, Descarreaux M|url = http://jcca-online.org/ecms.ashx/PDF/2008/2008-1/ClinicalPracticeGuidelineUpdatefromTheCCACFCREABCPG.pdf|pmid = 18327295|pmc = 2258235|display-authors = etal|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5sVyyGVET?url=http://jcca-online.org/ecms.ashx/PDF/2008/2008-1/ClinicalPracticeGuidelineUpdatefromTheCCACFCREABCPG.pdf|archivedate = 2010-09-05|df = }}
60. ^1 2 {{cite journal |pmid=17606755 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.100.7.330 |layurl=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/75754.php |laysource=Med News Today |laydate=2 July 2007 |date=Jul 2007 |last1=Ernst |first1=E |title=Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review |volume=100 |issue=7 |pages=330–8 |issn=0141-0768 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |pmc=1905885}}
61. ^1 2 {{cite journal |journal= Int J Clin Pract |year=2010 |volume=64 |issue= 8 |pages=1162–1165 |title= Deaths after chiropractic: a review of published cases |author= E Ernst |pmid=20642715 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02352.x}}
62. ^1 {{cite book |author= World Health Organization|year=2005|title= WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic |url=http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf |isbn= 978-92-4-159371-7 |accessdate=2008-02-29}}
63. ^{{cite journal|journal=N Z Med J|year=2012|volume=125|issue=1353|pages=87–140|title= Reporting of adverse effects in randomised clinical trials of chiropractic manipulations: a systematic review|vauthors=Ernst E, Posadzki P |pmid=22522273|url=|pmc=}}
64. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Vassilaki M, Chiang LM|title=Frequency and clinical predictors of adverse reactions to chiropractic care in the UCLA neck pain study|journal=Spine|volume=30|issue=13|pages=1477–84|date=July 2005|pmid=15990659|doi= 10.1097/01.brs.0000167821.39373.c1|url=}}
65. ^{{cite journal|vauthors= Gouveia LO, Castanho P, Ferreira JJ|title= Safety of chiropractic interventions: a systematic review |journal=Spine |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=E405–13 |year=2009 |pmid=19444054 |doi=10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a16d63}}
66. ^{{cite journal|journal = Spine|year = 2007|volume = 32|issue = 21|pages = 2375–8|title = Safety of chiropractic manipulation of the cervical spine: a prospective national survey|vauthors = Thiel HW, Bolton JE, Docherty S, Portlock JC|doi = 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181557bb1|pmid = 17906581}}
67. ^{{cite journal|journal = Neurologist|year = 2008|volume = 14|issue = 1|pages = 66–73|title = Does cervical manipulative therapy cause vertebral artery dissection and stroke?|vauthors = Miley ML, Wellik KE, Wingerchuk DM, Demaerschalk BM|doi = 10.1097/NRL.0b013e318164e53d|pmid = 18195663}}
68. ^{{cite journal|journal = International Journal of Clinical Practice|year = 2012|volume = 66|issue = 10|pages = 940–947|title = Assessing the risk of stroke from neck manipulation: a systematic review|vauthors = Haynes MJ, Vincent K, Fischhoff C, Bremner AP, Lanlo O, Hankey GJ|doi = 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.03004.x|pmc=3506737|pmid=22994328}}
{{Chiropractic}}

2 : Chiropractic|Chiropractic treatment techniques
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