| 词条 | History of the United Nations |
| 释义 |
The history of the United Nations as an international organization has its origins in World War II. Since then its aims and activities have expanded to make it the archetypal international body in the early 21st century. OriginsThe earliest concrete plan for a new world organization to replace the ineffective League of Nations began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939.[1] On 12 June 1941, representatives of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and of the exiled governments of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia, as well as General de Gaulle of France, met in London and signed the Declaration of St. James's Palace. This was the first of six conferences that led up to the founding of the United Nations and the Charter of the United Nations.[2] U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt first suggested using the name United Nations, to refer to the Allies of World War II, to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during the latter's three-week visit to the White House in December 1941. Roosevelt suggested the name as an alternative to "Associated Powers", a term the U.S. used in the First World War (the U.S. was never formally a member of the Allies of World War I but entered the war in 1917 as a self-styled "Associated Power"). Churchill accepted the idea and cited Lord Byron's use of the phrase "United Nations" in the poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which referred to the Allies at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.[3][4] 1942 "Declaration of United Nations"{{main|Declaration by United Nations}}The text of the "Declaration of United Nations" was drafted by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins, while meeting at the White House on 29 December 1941. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France. The first official use of the term "United Nations" was on 1–2 January 1942 when 26 Governments signed the Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.[5][6] By early 1945 it had been signed by 21 more states.[7]
During the war, the United Nations became the official term for the Allies. To join countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis.[9] PlanningThe idea for the future United Nations as an international organization emerged in declarations signed at the wartime Allied conferences: the Moscow Conference and the Tehran Conference on 30 October 1943. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt considered his most important legacy the creation of the United Nations, making a permanent organization out of the wartime Alliance of the same name. He provided continuous backstage political support inside the United States, and with Churchill and Stalin abroad. He made sure that leading Republicans were on board, especially Senators Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan,[10] and Warren Austin of Vermont.[11] He went public with strong advocacy in the 1944 presidential campaign, and turned detailed planning over to the State Department, where Sumner Welles and Secretary Cordell Hull worked on the project. The United States, Britain, Soviet Union and China made the major decisions and became permanent members of the all-powerful Security Council. Roosevelt made sure that each (including France) had a veto power, thus avoiding the fatal weakness of the League of Nations, which theoretically could order its members to act in defiance of their own parliaments.[12]From 21 September to 7 October 1944, representatives of the Republic of China, Britain, the US and the USSR met to elaborate plans at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, D.C. Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the United Nations organization, its membership and organs, as well as arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation. Governments and private citizens worldwide discussed and debated these proposals.[13] Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major Power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944. At the Yalta Conference it was agreed that membership would be open to nations that had joined the Allies by 1 March 1945.[14] Brazil, Syria and a number of other countries qualified for membership by declarations of war on either Germany or Japan in the first three months of 1945 – in some cases retroactively. EstablishmentOn 25 April 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco. In addition to Governments, a number of non-government organizations, including Rotary International and Lions Clubs International received invitations to assist in the drafting of a charter. After working for two months, the fifty nations represented at the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations on 26 June. Poland, which was unable to send a representative to the conference due to political instability, signed the charter on 15 October 1945. The charter stated that before it would come into effect, it must be ratified by the Governments of the Republic of China, France, the USSR, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. This occurred on 24 October 1945, and the United Nations was officially formed.[15] The date each founding member state deposited their ratification of the UN Charter is as follows:[16]
The first meeting of the General Assembly was held in Westminster Central Hall, London, on 10 January 1946.[17] The Security Council met for the first time a week later in Church House, Westminster.[18] The League of Nations formally dissolved itself on 18 April 1946 and transferred its mission to the United Nations. Activities{{See also|History of United Nations Peacekeeping}}The United Nations has achieved considerable prominence in the social arena, fostering human rights, economic development, decolonization, health and education, for example, and interesting itself in refugees and trade. The leaders of the UN had high hopes that it would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible. Those hopes have obviously not fully come to pass. From about 1947 until 1991 the division of the world into hostile camps during the Cold War made agreement on peacekeeping matters extremely difficult. Following the end of the Cold War, renewed calls arose for the UN to become the agency for achieving world peace and co-operation, as several dozen active military conflicts continued to rage across the globe. The breakup of the Soviet Union has also left the United States in a unique position of global dominance, creating a variety of new problems for the UN (See the United States and the United Nations). FacilitiesIn June 1945, delegates from around the world gathered in San Francisco to draft the charter for the United Nations.[19] Potential sites for the UN Headquarters included Vienna, Switzerland, Berlin, Quebec, and The Netherlands before the delegation decided on a headquarters in the United States by December 1945.[20] Many U.S. cities vied for the honor of hosting the UN Headquarters site, such as Marin County, California, St. Louis, Boston, Chicago, Fairfield County, CT, Westchester County, NY, Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in Queens, Tuskahoma, Oklahoma, the Black Hills of South Dakota, Belle Isle in Detroit, and a site on Navy Island straddling the U.S.-Canada border were considered as potential sites for the UN Headquarters.[21][22] San Francisco, where the UN Headquarters delegation was held, was favored by Australia, New Zealand, China, and the Phillipines due to the city's proximity to their countries.[23] The UN and many of its delegates seriously considered Philadelphia for the headquarters; the city offered to donate land in several select sites, including Fairmount Park, Andorra, and a Center City, Philadelphia location which would have placed the headquarters along a mall extending from Independence Hall to Penn's Landing.[21] In 1946, John D. Rockefeller III and Laurance Rockefeller each offered their respective residences in Kykuit in Mount Pleasant, New York as headquarters for the UN, but the proposals were vetoed as the sites were too isolated from Manhattan.[24] New York City Planning COmmissioner Robert Moses convinced Nelson Rockefeller to purchase a {{convert|17|and|18|acre|1}} piece of land along the East River in New York City from real estate developer William Zeckendorf Sr.[25]; The purchase was funded by Nelson's father, John D. Rockefeller Jr. The Rockefeller family owned the Tudor City Apartments across First Avenue from the Zeckendorf site.[26] The UN ultimately chose the New York City site over Philadelphia after Rockefeller offered to donate the land along the East River.[19] The UN headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951, although construction was not formally completed until October 9, 1952.[27] Structure and associated organizations{{Expand section|date=January 2011}}The basic constitutional makeup of the United Nations has changed little, though vastly increased membership has altered the functioning of some elements. The UN as a whole has generated a rich assortment of non-governmental organizations and special bodies over the years: some with a regional focus, some specific to the various peacekeeping missions, and others of global scope and importance. Other bodies (such as the International Labour Organization) formed prior to the establishment of the United Nations and only subsequently became associated with it. Milestones
See also{{Portal|United Nations}}
Further reading
Primary sources
References1. ^Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley, FDR and the Creation of the U.N. (1997) pp 1-55 2. ^{{cite web|title=1941: The Declaration of St. James' Palace|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1941-declaration-st-james-palace/index.html|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=28 March 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=United Nations|url=http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/united_nations/|website=Wordorigins.org|accessdate=28 March 2016|date=3 February 2007}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Ward|first1=Geoffrey C.|last2=Burns|first2=Ken|title=The Roosevelts: An Intimate History|date=2014|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=0385353065|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V73CAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=SA6-PA60#v=onepage&f=false|chapter=Nothing to Conceal}} 5. ^David Roll, The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler (2013) pp 172-75 6. ^Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, An Intimate History (1948) pp 447-53 7. ^{{cite book|author=Edmund Jan Osmańczyk|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: T to Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB2CadyN7QC&pg=PA2445|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=2445|isbn=9780415939249}} 8. ^Text from "The Washington Conference 1941-1942" 9. ^Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of creation: The founding of the United Nations: A story of superpowers, secret agents, wartime allies and enemies, and their quest for a peaceful world (2003) 10. ^James A. Gazell, "Arthur H. Vandenberg, Internationalism, and the United Nations." Political Science Quarterly 88#3 (1973): 375-394. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148990 online] 11. ^George T. Mazuzan. Warren R. Austin at the U. N., 1946-1953 (Kent State UP, 1977). 12. ^Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley, FDR and the Creation of the U. N. (1997) 13. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/dumbarton_yalta.shtml |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016124053/http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/dumbarton_yalta.shtml |archive-date=2015-10-16 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 14. ^Robert C. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (UNC Press, 2001) 15. ^https://www.un.org/aboutun/sanfrancisco/history.html The 60th Anniversary of the San Francisco Conference 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml|title=UN{{!}}DPI — OD{{!}}Dag Hammarskjöld Library: Member States{{!}}On the Record|last=Division|first=United Nations, Department of Public Information, Outreach|date=2009-09-28|website=www.un.org|language=EN|access-date=}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=History of the United Nations 1941 - 1950 |url=https://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/1941-1950.shtml |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=12 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312020304/http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/history/1941-1950.shtml |archivedate=12 March 2015 |df= }} 18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sc/about/ |title=What is the Security Council? |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=12 March 2015}} 19. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2018/11/when-the-united-nations-almost-chose-philly-for-its-hq/ |title=When the United Nations Almost Chose Philly For Its HQ |author=Historical Society of Philadelphia |work=Hidden City Philadelphia |date=November 23, 2018 |accessdate=March 26, 2019}} 20. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.niagara-gazette.com/opinion/columns/glynn-navy-island-eyed-as-home-for-the-u-n/article_9a5b10e4-7f5a-52c4-aae9-0fcf5be76a73.html |title=Glynn - Navy Island eyed as home for U.N. |author=Glynn, Don |work=Niagara Gazette |date=October 24, 2011 |accessdate=March 26, 2019}} 21. ^1 {{cite magazine |last=Atwater |first=Elton |date=April 1976 |title=Philadelphia's Quest to Become the Permanent Headquarters of the United Nations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20091055?read-now=1&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents |magazine=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |location=Pennsylvania |publisher=The Historical Society of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Press |access-date=March 26, 2019}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/04/02/detroits-quixotic-bid-to-host-the-united-nations/ |title=Detroit’s Quixotic Bid to Host the United Nations |author=Mires, Charlene |work=Foreign Policy |date=April 2, 2013 |accessdate=March 26, 2019}} 23. ^{{cite magazine |last=Atwater |first=Elton |date=April 1976 |title=Philadelphia's Quest to Become the Permanent Headquarters of the United Nations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20091055?read-now=1&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents |magazine=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |location=Pennsylvania |publisher=The Historical Society of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Press |access-date=March 26, 2019}} 24. ^{{cite news|title=Estate offered as site for the UN headquarters |authors=Harr, John Ensor Harr & Johnson, Peter J. |work=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family|location= New York|publisher= Charles Scribner's Sons|year= 1988|pages=432–33}} 25. ^{{cite news | last=Gray | first=Christopher | title=The U.N.: One Among Many Ideas for the Site | website=The New York Times | date=2010-04-25 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/25/realestate/25streets.html | access-date=2017-12-26}} 26. ^{{cite news |title=F.Y.I. |first=Ed Jr. |last=Boland |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/08/nyregion/fyi-015636.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 8, 2003 |accessdate=July 9, 2010}} 27. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/10/10/archives/work-completed-on-u-n-buildings-68000000-plant-finished-lie.html|title=WORK COMPLETED ON U. N. BUILDINGS; $68,000,000 Plant Finished -- Lie Announces a Plan to Reorganize Top Staff WORK COMPLETED ON U. N. BUILDINGS|last=Hamilton|first=Thomas J.|date=1952-10-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-03-29|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=52346#.ViwB1G5BnYs|title=World lights up in UN blue to mark Organization's milestone anniversary|publisher=UN News Centre|date=22 October 2015|accessdate=25 October 2015}} 29. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/23/world/ap-un-united-nations-at-70.html|title=Over 200 Landmarks to Light Up UN Blue on 70th Anniversary|work=The New York Times|date=23 October 2015|accessdate=25 October 2015}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/unicphoto/sets/72157657328013193|title=Turn the World #UNBlue|publisher=United Nations Information Centres|accessdate=25 October 2015}} External links
1 : History of the United Nations |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。