| 词条 | Chorrera culture |
| 释义 |
The Chorrera culture or Chorrera tradition is a Late Formative indigenous culture that flourished between 1300 BCE and 300 BCE in Ecuador.[1] Chorrera culture was one of the most widespread cultures in pre-Columbian Ecuador, spanning the Pacific lowlands to the Andean highlands,[2] and even into southern Colombia.[1] Regional divisionsDue to variations in ceramics and other material culture, Chorrera culture is divided into regional variants. These include:
Other regions exhibit a strong Chorrera influence. CeramicsThe hallmark of Chorrera culture is its ceramic traditions, which features whistling animal and plant effigy Stirrup spout vessels and human figurines made from molds. Everyday utilitarian pottery was still very fine with thin decorated walls and red or black slips polished to a high sheen. Surfaces of bowls, bottles, ollas, and other ceramic pieces were incised, painted, pattern burnished, or decorated with rocker stamps.[2] Ceramics were used in personal adornments as well, examples being ceramic ear spools and rocker stamps used for body painting.[3] Unusual decorative features of Chorrera ceramics include resist-painting and iridescent slips.[1] Earliest use of metalsThe first metal work in Ecuador is attributed to the Chorrera craftsmen. Numerous metal objects and fragments were excavated at the coastal site of Salango. Objects from copper, silver and gold were made, mostly elite goods like jewelry.[4] DietCrops cultivated by Chorrera people include achira (Canna indica), arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), corn (Zea mays), common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), as well as gourds and squash (Cucurbitaceae). They also gathered wild tree fruits, sedge (Cyperaceae), and palm (Palmae).[5] Chorrera people fished and hunted as well, catching game such as armadillo, deer (including white-tailed and brocket deer) duck, frogs, lizards, peccary, and various rodents.[5] TradeThis culture continued the brisk trade network established by Valdivia and Machalilla cultures. Chorrera fisherman traded spiny oyster shells (Spondylus) and other marine shells with people from the Quito basin for obsidian.[5] Gold is traded in the latter centuries BCE.[1] DeclineIn 467 BCE, the Pululahua Volcano north of Quito erupted, sending volcanic ash over much of the western Ecuadorian lowland regions, which greatly reduced the expressions of Chorrera culture; however, some Chorrera settlements in the far north and south continued for several centuries. These evolved into more complex cultures of the Regional Developmental Period of 200 and 300 BCE.[6] References1. ^1 2 3 White, Nancy. "Early Horizon, First Civilization." South American Archaeology. (retrieved 1 June 2011) 2. ^1 2 Zeidler 468 3. ^Zeidler 468-9 4. ^Dorothy Hosler, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=cB-PLQpbk-4C&pg=PA106 The Sounds and Colors of Power: The Sacred Metallurgical Technology of Ancient West Mexico.] MIT Press, 1994 {{ISBN|0262082306}} p106 5. ^1 2 Zeidler 470 6. ^Zeidler 471 Bibliography
External links{{Commons category|Chorrera culture}}
6 : Pre-Columbian cultures|Indigenous peoples in Ecuador|Indigenous peoples of the Andes|Archaeology of Ecuador|2nd millennium BC|Archaic period in the Americas |
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