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Christian Kalkbrenner (Hann. Münden, September 22, 1755 – Paris, August 10, 1806^[1]) was a German Kapellmeister,^[2] violinist, organ and keyboard player, and composer. Almost an exact contemporary of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, he was a prolific composer in many fields and a force in the musical world. He rose to high honours at the courts of the Prussian Kings. For unknown reasons, Kalkbrenner left his position as Kapellmeister to Prince Henry of Prussia and went first to Naples and later on to Paris. He was the father of Friedrich Wilhelm Kalkbrenner, one of the great piano virtuosos of the first half of the 19th century.

Biography

Christian Kalkbrenner was born in Münden, Germany. Münden, nowadays called Hann. Münden, an old town with a historic inner city, is situated 17 kilometres north-east of Kassel. Kalkbrenner had his first musical education from his father who was town musician (Stadtmusikus) in the Hessian town of Kassel. Kalkbrenner learned to play violin and organ. In violin he was taught by Carl Rodewald; his organ teacher was Johannes Becker (born 1726), the Hessian court organist.^[3] By the time he was seventeen Kalkbrenner sang in the choir of the French opera house of Kassel where he also played the violin.

In 1777 he dedicated a symphony to Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. In 1784 Kalkbrenner was received into the Philharmonic Academy of Bologna by virtue of a four-part mass he had mailed to the society. This was a very high honour and suggests the high quality of Kalkbrenner’s compositions. Mozart had been received into the same society on 9 October 1770 only after a lengthy examination in which he was aided by Padre Martini. In the same year Kalkbrenner married the socially well connected widow of an army captain who had died as a soldier in the United States.^[4]

In 1788 or 1789,^[5] some time after the death of landgrave Frederic II of Hesse, Kalkbrenner was named Kapellmeister of Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt, Queen of Prussia. From 1790, Kalkbrenner served Prince Henry of Prussia at Rheinsberg castle in the same capacity. Henry of Prussia was the younger brother of Frederick II of Prussia.

In 1796 Kalkbrenner renounced all of his positions at the Rheinsberg court and left Germany for good. It is not clear why Kalkbrenner did this. Certainly this was a major step that required careful consideration. The Rheinsberg castle, situated about 100 kilometres to the north-west of Berlin, was something of a backwater in the late 18th century. The means of the court theatre, where Kalkbrenner staged his operas, were limited, the surroundings provincial, and the budget restricted. Nevertheless, this was a secure position with one of the major German princes, an enlightened philosopher-sovereign whom Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben recommended to Alexander Hamilton as a candidate for the American Presidency. Henry’s portrait as drawn by an eminent biographer of his older brother Frederick the Great is not unflattering:^[6]^[7]

In 1796 the Kalkbrenner family surfaced in Italy where they stayed for two years.^[8] Naples was home to the famous Teatro di San Carlo, then one of the largest opera houses in the world, seating 3,300. This was still the great age of the Neapolitan Opera. Other German composers like Johann Adolph Hasse, Johann Christian Bach, and particularly Christoph Willibald Gluck had successfully preceded Kalkbrenner to Naples and there is reason to believe that he hoped to establish himself as a composer of Neapolitan operas there. However, no proof has yet established that he composed or staged an opera in Naples.

In 1799 Kalkbrenner made his way to Paris where he managed to become Maître des Chœurs et des Écoles at the Paris Opera. In 1803 he rearranged Mozart’s Don Giovanni for the Paris Opera interpolating pieces he composed himself.^[9] Together with Ludwig Wenzel Lachnith, a Bohemian horn player and composer, he produced a number of infamous pasticcios for the Paris Opera. These were operas cobbled together using music from different composers, among them Mozart and Joseph Haydn. Jointly with Lachnith, Kalkbrenner staged Les Mystères d'Isis, (a botch that was justly parodied as Les Misères d'ici), a travesty of Mozart’s Magic Flute, at the Paris Opera.

Kalkbrenner, having served at German courts where the court language was French, was probably bilingual or at least completely fluent in French. It is somewhat surprising, though, that Kalkbrenner attained this much coveted position in revolutionary France after spending most of his life at courts that were distinctly hostile to the French Revolution. Kalkbrenner died unexpectedly in 1806 in Paris. His death seems to have come as a great blow to his son who subsequently withdrew from the concert life and music in general for several years.

Historical assessment

Christian Kalkbrenner was a very talented all-round musician and a good composer. He was no great genius, but a man well versed in all music matters. He must also have been a shrewd courtier who knew how to advance in the tight knit aristocratic society of the latter 18th century, where observing the etiquette and being on good terms with the right and influential people, most of them aristocrats, was what mattered most. Coming from a humble background (as the family name clearly suggests ^[10]) and with Jewish roots, he rose within a relatively short time to one of the preeminent positions in 18th century musical Germany. Having spent his whole life at smaller European courts that were decidedly hostile towards the French Revolution, he nevertheless managed within a few years to attain a respected position in post-revolutionary France. He was the father and first teacher of Friedrich Wilhelm Kalkbrenner, one of the most famous and influential pianists and piano teachers in the first half of the 19th century.

Works

Today there is little information on Kalkbrenner’s works. Marmontel maintains that it was large.^[11]

Operas

Other works

Notes and references

1. ^Killy, Vierhaus, 413
2. ^The meaning of "Kapellmeister" underwent some changes over time. In the 18th century a "Kapellmeister" was much more than what the humble word suggests today. The modern equivalent would be "music director." In the 18th and early 19th century a Kapellmeister (in Germany, Austria, Bohemia) had to conduct the orchestra (until 1810 mostly from the piano), to compose for it, to (re)orchestrate pieces, to hire singers, to rehearse with orchestra and singers, and to teach. On top of that he very often did what today is done by the manager of an orchestra. Until the early 19th century the German word for orchestra was "Kapelle," and in this meaning it survives until today in proper names such as in Staatskapelle Dresden. Today "Kapelle" either means preferably a brass band ("Blaskapelle") or a seven to 15 fifteen piece (dance) orchestra. The Berlin Philharmonic in modern German could not be called a "Kapelle" – unless jokingly of course.
3. ^(Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik., 1949-1987), Entry: "Christian Kalkbrenner“.
4. ^(Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik., 1949-1987), Entry: "Christian Kalkbrenner“.
5. ^Nicholas (2006) says in 1788, Marmontel (1878), p. 98, in 1789.
6. ^Fraser (2000), 250-251
7. ^Historians usually assume he was homosexual, though there is no direct source for this.
8. ^Marmontel (1878), 99, says he stayed for only one year and left Italy because of a war.
9. ^Nicholas (2006) attributes this to Kalkbrenner's inflated self-worth, but the rearranging of baroque and classical works was common practice until the late 19th century. Robert Franz, Felix Mottel and a host of lesser names added trombone and clarinet voices to compositions from Bach to Gluck.
10. ^"Kalkbrenner" means "lime burner"
11. ^Marmontel (1878), 99, writes: Plusieurs ouvrages lyriques, cantates, oratorios, écrits sur l’histoire de la musique, forment l’œuvre relativement considérable du père de F. Kalkbrenner. Translation: "Several lyrical works (operas), cantatas, oratorios and articles on musical history, make up the fairly considerable work of the father of F(riedrich) Kalkbrenner."